Skoog Solution of Chapter 15

Crouch Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th ed. Chapter 15 Instructor’s Manual CHAPTER 15 15-1. In a fluorescence emission spectrum, the excitation wavelength is held constant and the emission intensity is measured as a function of the emission wavelength. In an excitation spectrum, the emission is measured at one wavelength while the excitation wavelengths are scanned. The excitation spectrum closely resembles an absorption spectrum since the emission intensity is usually proportional to the absorbance of the molecule. 15-2. a) Fluorescence is the process in which a molecule, excited by the absorption of radiation, emits a photon while undergoing a transition from an excited singlet electronic state to a lower state of the same spin multiplicity (e. g. , a singlet > singlet transition).Phosphorescence is the process in which a molecule, excited by the absorption of radiation, emits a photon while undergoing a transition from an excited triplet state to a lower state of a different spin multiplicity (e. g. , a triplet > singlet transition). (c) Resonance fluorescence is observed when an excited species emits radiation of he same frequency at used to cause the excitation. (d) A singlet state is one in which the spins of the electrons of an atom or molecule are all paired so there is no net spin angular momentum (e) A triplet state is one in which the spins of the electrons of an atom or molecule are unpaired so that their spin angular moments add to give a net non-zero moment. (f) Vibrational relaxation is the process by which a molecule loses its excess vibrational energy without emitting radiation. 1 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th ed. (g) Chapter 15Internal conversion is the intermolecular process in which a molecule crosses to a lower electronic state with emitting radiation. (h) External conversion is a radiationless process in which a molecule loses electronic energy while transferring that energy to the solvent or another solute. (i) I ntersystem crossing is the process in which a molecule in one spin state changes to another spin state with nearly the same total energy (e. g. , singlet > triplet). (j) Predissociation occurs when a molecule changes from a higher electronic state to n upper vibrational level of a lower electronic state in which the vibrational energy is great enough to rupture the bond. (k) Dissociation occurs when radiation promotes a molecule directly to a state with sufficient vibrational energy for a bond to break. (l) Quantum yield is the fraction of excited molecules undergoing the process of interest. For example, the quantum yield of fluorescence is the fraction of molecules which have absorbed radiation that fluoresce.Chemiluminescence is a process by which radiation is produced as a result of a chemical reaction. 5-3. For spectrofluorometry, the analytical signal F is proportional to the source intensity P0 and the transducer sensitivity. In spectrophotometry, the absorbance A is proporti onal to the ratio of P0 to P. Increasing P0 or the transducer sensitivity to P0 produces a corresponding increase in P or the sensitivity to P. Thus the ratio does not change. As a result, the sensitivity of fluorescence can be increased by increasing P0 or transducer sensitivity, but the that of absorbance does not change. 2 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th ed. Chapter 15 5-4. (a) Fluorescein because of its greater structural rigidity due to the bridging –O– groups. (b) o,o’-Dihdroxyazobenzene because the –N=N– group provides rigidity that is absent in the –NH–NH– group. 15-5. Compounds that fluoresce have structures that slow the rate of nonradiative relaxation to the point where there is time for fluorescence to occur. Compounds that do not fluoresce have structures that permit rapid relaxation by nonradiative processes. 15-6. The triplet state has a long lifetime and is very susceptible to collisional deactivation.T hus, most phosphorescence measurements are made at low temperature in a rigid matrix or in solutions containing micelles or cyclodextrin molecules. Also, electronic methods must be used to discriminate phosphorescence from fluorescence. Not as many molecules give good phosphorescence signals as fluorescence signals. As a result, the experimental requirements to measure phosphorescence are more difficult than those to measure fluorescence and the applications are not as large.3 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th ed. 15-7. Chapter 15 4 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th ed. 5-8. Chapter 15 15-9. Q = quinine ppm Q in diluted sample = 100 ppm ? 245 = 196 125 mass Q = 196 mg Q 500 mL ? 100 mL ? = 490 mg Q 10 mL solution 20 mL 3 5 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th ed. 15-10. cQ = A1csVs (448)(50 ppm)(10. 0 mL) = = 145. 45 ppm ( A2 ? A1 )VQ ( 525 ? 448) (20. 0 mL) Chapter 15 145. 45 ppm ? 1 mg quinine 1 g solution ? ? 1000 mL = 145. 45 mg quinine 3 1 mL 1 ? 10 g solution 0. 225 g Q ? 100% = 3. 43% 4. 236 g tablet 15-11. Assume that the luminescent intensity L is proportional to cx, the concentration of iron in the original sample.Then, L1 = kcxVx / Vt where Vx and Vt are the volume of sample and of the final solution, and k is a proportionality constant. For the solution after addition of Vs mL of a standard of concentration cs, the luminescence L2 is L2 = kcxVx / Vt + kcsVs / Vt Dividing the second equation by the first yields, after rearrangement, cx = L1csVs (14. 3)(3. 58 ? 10? 5 )(1. 00) = = 1. 35 ? 10? 5 M ( L2 ? L1 )Vx (33. 3 ? 14. 3)(2. 00) 15-12. Assume that the luminescence intensity L is proportional to the partial pressure of S* . 2 We may then write L = k[S* ] 2 and K = S* ][H 2 O]4 2 [SO 2 ]2 [H 2 ]4 where the bracketed terms are all partial pressures and k and K are constants.The two equations can be combined to give after rearrangement 6 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th ed. Chapter 15 [SO 2 ] = [H 2 O]2 [H 2 ]2 L kK In a hydr ogen-rich flame, the pressure of H2O and H2 should be more or less constant. Thus, [SO 2 ] = k ? L where k? = 1 kK 15-13. The fluorescent center is the rigid quinoline ring, which is rich in ? electrons. 15-14. From Equation 15-7, we can write F = 2. 303 ? f K bcP0 = 2. 303 ? K cP0 ? 0 Dividing both sides by the lifetime ? yields F = 2. 303K bcP0 ? ?0 Since K? , ? , b, ? 0 and P0 are constants, we can write F ? = Kc where K is a compilation of all the constants in the previous equation. 7 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th ed. 15-15. (a) Chapter 15 (b) (c) The corrected fluorescence Fcorr would be Fcorr = F? 0/? , where F is the observed fluorescence, ? 0 is the lifetime for [Cl–] = 0. 00, and ? is the observed lifetime. The results are in the spreadsheet. 8 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th ed. Chapter 15 9

Medical Pluralism Essay

Despite being very different countries, Africa and Australia share a phenomenon termed medical pluralism. This form of health care is indeed pluralistic as it â€Å"consists of the totality of medical subsystems that coexist in a cooperative or competitive relationship with one another† (Baer 2004, p. 109). Although medical pluralism is not recent by any means, it is still used differently in various cultures around the globe. This essay will first describe the array of healthcare strategies that form different cultures’ pluralistic health care systems and how these cultures choose which path to take. As well, both the advantages and disadvantages to this approach will be explored through select case studies. Finally, a glimpse of issues regarding the future of medical pluralism in Australia will be looked at. According to both Baer (2004) and Quinlain (2011), anthropologists divide treatment options into three categories: the professional sector, the popular sector, and the folk sector. The professional sector, or rather biomedicine or even western medicine, includes those that obtain formal training. This form of treatment was established in the 1900’s based on scientific reasoning with an emphasis on pathogens. Even though biomedicine has become more dominant over the other categories in industrialized societies with large bureaucracies and legal systems (Quinlain 2011, p. 394), popular medicine, or natural medicine has been around for the past 10,000 years (Schwager 2012). Approximately 70-90% of health care takes place in popular medicine, making it the most commonly used (Quinlain 2011, p. 394). This broad range of treatment can take on the form of special diets, over the counter drugs, herbs and other home remedies. Popular medicine is different than that of the folk sector, which includes those individuals that obtain talents, information passed down from ancestors and special training. Baer (2004) asserts that the different medical systems are placed into a hierarchy based on class, caste, racial, ethnic, regional, religious, and gender distinctions, where biomedicine is the most prestigious and folk medicine is the least. However, in some cultures around the world, the treatment option can be based on convenience, accessibility, religious views, and knowledge of home remedies. In the case of a man named Shosi in Kenya, as explained by Beckerleg (1994), a number of therapy choices were available, but the Islamic movement and economic change created restrictions. Locals were lead to reject treatments of those who offer sorcery. Shosi instead exhausted medical pluralism until he found a treatment that worked for his severe fever. He first started with home remedies, then moved to poorly understood drugs of western medicine but only found relief through a local Halali Sunna leader that practiced a form of folk medicine using plant materials. Fortunately for Shosi, he had different medical treatment options available to him. Since biomedicine is practiced more in western society, those in places like Kenya and Africa do not always understand the scientific background of it. This has a negative consequence on medical pluralism as two treatment options can contradict each other. A situation in Cameroon, Africa reflected this scenario. Medical doctors informed patients that their diabetes was a life sentence, but patients had false hope when the indigenous healers assured their diabetes could be cured. Awah and Phillimore (2008) described a situation in Cameroon of a patient with previously diagnosed diabetes that sought treatment at a local clinic for what she thought was typhoid. She told the doctor her diabetes was already treated and cured so she stopped taking the prescribed medication. There was a mutual frustration since â€Å"she believed the doctor was ignoring her real health problems, while he could not get her to accept that her symptoms were a consequence of her poorly managed diabetes† (Awah and Phillimore 2008, p. 485). Thus, this approach of medical pluralism led to a conflict with different medicines. Another example of a repercussion from using medical pluralism was seen in Tanzania. Kamat (2009, p. 54) wrote a case study describing how a woman named Fatumas took her daughter to see the local Zaramo healer. She informed the doctor that her daughter has been crying constantly throughout the night and waking up convulsing for which he prescribed medicine for. However, she failed to tell him that she was giving her daughter over the counter drugs for a fever. With her misunderstanding, these two symptoms were actually signs of the same illness, which required a single treatment, rather than the two different ones. Kamat (2009, p. 55) described, â€Å"In her pragmatic quest for therapy, Fatuma had routinely combined elements from diverse and even contradictory medical traditions. Fatuma thought she was dealing with two different illnesses†. Although there were these few cases where medical pluralism did not work to one’s advantage, there are cases where using different medical treatments is advantageous such as the previously described situation of Shosi and also in Papua New Guinea. Here, medical treatment is at a lower cost than the local traditional healers since it receives funds from the government (Macintyre et al. 2005). Many locals first visit the local clinic, but in some cases need to resort to the local healers. The healer called Motkel successfully provides treatment in her village by using traditional herbal medications alongside biomedical treatment. Motkel works with cranial trepanation, a standard form of treatment in Papua New Guinea. She also believes that by alleviating symptoms and healing patients her work is analogous to medical doctors. This form of pluralism seems to work for the locals, even though it may not in other areas of the world. As previously stated, many people rely on natural medicine. That being said, natural medicine is a large part of the medical industry as 57% of the 150 drugs on the market contain at least one plant product (Schwager 2012). However, at the time Schwager’s article was published, a group of Australian doctors and scientists were fighting to remove alternative medicine degrees from the local universities. They declared that, â€Å"alternative medicines are making Australia look bad and trashing the universities reputation† (Schwager 2012). However, this could just be the next attempt to persuade the public in to choosing biomedicine over natural medicine. Natural medicine still fights to prove it is not â€Å"quackery† despite being the most popular treatment in the world. Medical treatments vary around the globe, but are still shaped around the three categories of professional, folk and popular medicine that when used in conjunction, create what is termed medical pluralism. This broad term helps us understand health care systems and health care seeking behaviours within specific cultural contexts. The process of seeking medical treatment depends on the availability, convenience, and religious views amongst other factors in each culture. In some cultures this approach of medical pluralism works to one’s advantage, but in others, can have various consequences as seen through each example provided in this essay. Biomedicine shows dominance over popular medicine and continues to test the ladder that is still widely practiced. Popular medicine, however, still stays part of the pluralistic setting.

Merck & Company, Inc: The Recall of Vioxx Essay

Introduction Geroge W. Merck stated once stated, â€Å"We try never to forget that medicine is for the people. It is not for the profits. The profits follow. Initially, Vioxx was the blockbuster drug that Merck needed due to the upcoming Zocor patent cliff in 2006. With an estimated 27,785 heart attacks and sudden cardiac deaths that could have been avoided if Celebrex had been used instead of Vioxx, Merck faces the possibility of not only having to pay enormous civil and criminal penalties, but also losing the trust of patients. Many parties are partially culpable, but Merck faces the severe uphill battle of regaining a reputation that once served as a market differentiator; in the 1980’s, Merck was voted the â€Å"Most Admired Company in American Business† for seven consecutive years. A critical issue in this case is to analyze the events listed in the case and propose an alternate course of action that may help prevent future deaths from other pharmaceutical drugs while not prohibitively restricting innovative research that could potentially save lives if tested properly. Critical Points and Issues Merck was relying on the success of Vioxx due to Zocor’s expiring patent and the direct competition Vioxx was engaged in with Celebrex, which had a first mover advantage. While Celebrex was also a Cox-2 inhibitor, Vioxx was the only Cox-2 inhibitor proven to be beneficial for ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding. Once studies came out suggesting that Vioxx contributed to a greater number of cardiovascular problems than naproxen, Merck seemed to opportunistically interpret these results. Furthermore, Merck did not institute any studies that might have found negative cardiovascular results, and management failed to perform a study that focused specifically on the cardiovascular risks of Vioxx. Instead, Merck spent a record amount on advertising the gastrointestinal benefit of the drug in a period of uncertainty. The advertising in the time of uncertainty is really unparalleled, and opens the door to questioning (Appendix). Stakeholder Impacts Merck Merck wanted to discover a drug in the Cox-2 inhibitor class that would compete with another class of drugs known as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). Cox-2 inhibitors were developed to eliminate the most common side effects of other NSAIDs, ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding, as an estimated 15,000 people die from GI bleeding annually; Vioxx was designed to treat those high-risk candidates. Vioxx was the only Cox-2 inhibitor proven to have a benefit for ulcers and GI bleeding. Thus, the blockbuster status was created: a stronger drug with a proven benefit for ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding. As the events unfold in the case, the crucial errors occur prior to the decision to recall the drug on September 30, 2004. After Merck learned that patients had double the risk of heart attack or stroke than if they took placebo and two new competing Cox-2 inhibitors were introduced, Merck decided to pull the drug, but it was already far too late. Dr. Eric Topol, a highly regarded cardiologist conducting research at the Cleveland Clinic, was the first researcher to raise questions about Vioxx. While he concluded that Vioxx produces a risk of heart attack five times greater than naproxen sodium, some believed that Merck’s scientists interpreted the data opportunistically; by saying the difference was due to the protective effect of naproxen, this downplayed the important possibility that Vioxx was contributing to cardiovascular problems. Some scientists say that the protective effect of naproxen argument is implausible, and noted that naproxen would have to be three times as effective as aspirin to account for the difference. While the FDA didn’t buy this argument and issued a warning on all Vioxx labels, many began to wonder if this was the first sign of an unethical deception, cover-up, and manipulation by Merck. Additionally, as the label was added, Merck would later ironically cite the VIGOR study in defense o f Vioxx: it increased the risk only in those patients believe to be a high risk. However, Dr. Gregory D. Curfman, editor of the prominent New England Journal of Medicine noted that it had â€Å"solid evidence that important data on cardiac events was deleted or withheld.† Dr. Curfman argued that the three deleted heart attacks occurred in people who were otherwise at low risk for heart problems, which would ultimately discredit Merck’s claim that is only increased the risk for high-risk patients. The FDA’s mild warning hardly curbed the widespread use of the drug, yet Merck continued to advertise its big benefit to consumers more than any other company in 2000 (Appendx): it causes fewer cases of stomach bleeding. However, this is only a problem for a very small percentage of patients. Thus, there was evidence that hundreds of thousands of people were using the drug that didn’t really benefit from its one advantage. Merck seemed to engage in deceptive marketing practices highlighting this benefit and not the immense risks to compensate for its declining financial situation, nor the fact that the drug was designed specifically for consumers that were in the high-risk gastrointestinal category. In March 2000, management first learned the results from a study of 8,100 rheumatoid arthritis patients that began to take the medication in January. The results from the Vigor study should have alerted management to the potential dangers and risks of using Vioxx. However, since the FDA repeatedly approved the drug, this psychologically this seemed to create the illusion that the drug was safe. While evidence was mounting against the potential risks, in 2000 alone, Merck spent $160 million in direct-to-consumer advertising, the highest that year for all drugs. FDA The FDA has commonly been criticized for requiring superfluous testing. However, others argue that drugs are rushed through testing due to enormous pressure from the drug companies. Even after a drug has been approved, many of the risks are still unknown. The mild warning given by the FDA seemed entirely inappropriate, an action that ultimately prolonged the use of Vioxx for consumers that were not high-risk candidates. In Merck’s defense, it was promoting a product that did in fact reduce pain and gastrointestinal problems; however, it omitted the crucial detail that it increased the risk of cardiovascular problems. The FDA responded by giving Merck a warning, but ultimately, the FDA failed in its ultimate duty to protect the American consumer. Doctors The doctors prescribing the medications failed to sufficiently research the medication and seemed to rely too heavily on the influence of Merck salespeople and/or the general public. If physicians were cognizant that only a small percentage of the population would actually benefit from the fewer gastrointestinal problems, but would expose themselves to a potentially higher risk of developing heart problems, the doctors should have at least informed the patients that NSAIDS might be a safer alternative. The risk-benefit for many patients simply was not justified. The mild warning given by the FDA did not prompt most doctors to research the warning, as essentially all drugs have notable risks. Doctors and patients are also usually affected by the psychological affect of new drugs-these drugs are perceived to be better than existing drugs on the market. Knowing this psychological affect on consumers, the doctors may have felt pressured to prescribe the drug if consumers were asking for it after seeing the advertisements. However, Vioxx was first approved for people with a high risk of GI problems. It is estimated that only about 10% of the prescriptions for Vioxx were most likely for patients that had a high risk of GI problems; the drug was widely overprescribed and was not the optimal treatment for many patients. Patients and Advertising As Merck spent over $500 million advertising Vioxx, many critics try to blame Merck for promoting a product that many believed had a risk that severely outweighed the benefit, especially for patients without a prior history of gastrointestinal problems. An underlying problem in the case is that medicines in America are overused. Many health problems can be avoided by a lifestyle change. Patients need to know that all medications are potentially dangerous and should be used sparingly. However, in the Vioxx case, many consumers were ultimately oblivious about the risk-benefit tradeoff, as it was not mentioned in the advertisements or consultations with physicians. Options and Solution Implementation Considering that Merck adheres to the philosophy of its founder, George Merck, â€Å"medicine is for the people. It is not for the profits,† the course of action taken by modern-day Merck executives followed a path seemingly motivated by financial pressures. The executives seemed to believe that the success of the company was heavily reliant upon Vioxx, and wanted to mitigate any negative associations the drug had with cardiovascular problems. When evidence began to come in showing a potential link between Vioxx and cardiovascular problems, Merck did not run any studies that attempting to reveal the cause of the negative cardiovascular results. Management should have listened to Dr. Deepak Bhatt, a cardiologist at the Cleveland Clinic, who proposed a study of Vioxx in patients with severe chest pain to Merck management. Dr. Bhatt commented at the time â€Å"they {Merck} should have done a trial like this. If they {Merck} internally thought this drug was safe in patients with heart disease, there was no reason not to do it.† Management never ordered a test that would directly explain the results of the clinical trial in 2000. The FDA sent Merck a warning letter for minimizing the serious cardiovascular findings. However, a better option would have been for the FDA to put a black-box warning on Vioxx’s label, or stop the direct-to-consumer advertising until the issue was sorted out. Considering Merck operates under the aforementioned motto, Vioxx was not the optimal treatment for the majority of the patients that took the medication. The patients were not aware of this, and Merck’s aggressive marketing campaign reinforced the belief that this was the proper medication for all patients. Many patients were unnecessarily exposed to a risk due to aggressive marketing tactics when other NSIDS would have been the optimal medication for many patients, not to mention at a lower cost. The government should pay for tests that compare new drugs to older drugs. Many older drugs are simply ignored in favor of newer, heavily advertised drugs. Ultimately, it may take several years following approval for side effects to be exposed-a phenomena that could be avoided altogether if this analysis is done. In addition, the patent life of drugs should be extended. Obviously after this tragedy, drug makers should be required to conduct more studies, but the patent life should be extended to mitigate the pressure to rush drugs to market. Another year of testing means another lost year in terms of patent coverage, and many companies feel pressured to rush drugs to market due to the declining exclusivity period. Bringing a drug to market takes roughly 14 years at a cost of $1.3 billion. If companies are forced to go through additional testing, patent lives should be extended to ensure the incentive for future innovation. Additionally, this could help alleviate the pressure placed upon the FDA to rush drugs to market if companies have longer exclusivity periods, allowing the FDA to conduct additional testing that could potentially prevent future problems. Communication Analysis Vioxx was a medication that was designed to alleviate the gastrointestinal problems for high-risk patients. Vioxx was effective for these high-risk patients that did not have weak hearts. The drug should have never been prescribed to 90% of the patients that received the medication. In the end, some people who shouldn’t have been taking the medication died, and the people who could actually benefit from the medication couldn’t use it because it was pulled from the market. Once preliminary evidence began to mount that there was evidence of this potential link, the aggressive advertising should have stopped immediately. Management should have communicated more clearly to the physicians that this medication was primarily for high-risk patients and articulated the cost/benefit more clearly. In addition, ignoring negative evidence seemed to prove management’s confirmation bias. Management’s deceptive promotion of the drug to increase sales has marred the reputation of a company that may never sufficiently recover. The rigidity of management, unethical, and criminal behavior has tarnished a once respected name.

Organizational Charts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Charts - Assignment Example The said goals have to be broken down into activities and tasks for the departments with addition of seven new positions for sales and marketing department and two additional positions in human resources department. With provision of new resources to all department manager at, there is a need for the creation of new positions and opportunities for new employees. The approach will assist in making sure that the organization meets its goal of having the responsibility of hiring new employees under sales, marketing, and human resource department. This requires the attention of the functional area background, which include planning, organization, leadership and control of the new set of additional employees. Under sales and marketing, I will add seven new employees and position them strategically to be productive to help the organization meet its goals. In consideration to all the already available positions under sales and marketing, I concluded opening new positions, which include the regional sales manager. This is slightly different from sales manager position and the position of business and market analysts. These positions will meet the company’s goals of achieving double income. With a new integration of this new department, the organization will be in a position to extend its sales activities from an overall department overseeing all the branches of the organization to multiple sales offices running independently in all the branches from all over they are. All the regional sales managers should then harmonize all the branches under one department, which is the sales department. The new sales and marketing organizational chat will look as follows. Business analysis has emerged as a major business practice. It acts as a link between organization information technology competencies and the business objectives where skilled business analysts contribute to profitability, with employment of business analysts by Artha Corporation will help in seizing

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Essay Example As a result of this, more and more men have conventionally acceded to go against their nature and change the diapers at home, though this is not all that is required to sustain the marital satisfaction for either of the two members. While men have tried to share the childcare responsibilities with their wives to assist them in their work, wives have generally increased their demands. They require the husbands to be equally, and in some cases, even more responsible for the childcare than them. This is one of the most common causes of marital dissatisfaction in the contemporary age. This paper suggests some ways in which marital satisfaction in dual career marriages can be increased. Household responsibilities need to be taken very seriously by both partners. If they are left upon the willingness of anybody, they will largely remain unaccepted. In order to retain marital satisfaction along with adequately managing the household responsibilities, it is imperative that assignment of the responsibilities results from mutual consent and agreement of both the partners. Therefore, the solution of this problem obviously requires both the partners to show maximum cooperation and compromise.

The role of women in the Israeli army today Assignment

The role of women in the Israeli army today - Assignment Example Even though such contributions are considerably informal, they take a center play in the course of conflicts. In essence, women involvement in the military spans three thousand years into the past throughout different cultures and nations. Currently,† women in uniforms† serve in the armed forces although the majority of the combatants have predominantly been men. Women service in the military has been a controversial subject in the women welfare circles. Despite the diverse but limited roles of women in the military, their contributions in the combat have been significant. The women who have participated in the military have expressed commendable competencies that have motivated women fresh women combatants.in the American civil war, women dressed just like men and participated in the armed conflict. This paper exemplifies the contribution of women in the military activities in the current era. On May 26th, 1948, the Israeli prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, ordered for the conscription of both single and married women who were born between 1920-1930 into the Israeli Defense Forces. The women served under the umbrella body of Women Corpse and were tasked with the responsibilities such as nursing, signal operations, driving, clerical work, and cooking for the militants. Some of the early women soldiers to be conscripted into the Israeli Defense Forces include Yael Rom, who was the first female pilot to be trained by the Israeli Air Force and later conscripted in 1951. In September 1969, Hava Inbar was appointed the judge of the military court in Haifa. Hava Inbar said, â€Å"I am glad that I was appointed; it proves that the Israeli Defence Force leaves almost all doors open for its female soldiers.† This statement is an assertion of the milestone involvement in the Israeli military. Before the establishment of the Israeli state, women correctly served in combat roles in the

Smoking Ban Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smoking Ban - Case Study Example If these laws are in acted, the majority of the society or the 80% of the adults who do not smoke will benefit as their exposure to cigarette smoke and its harmful effects will be reduced. 2. A state should have the moral as well as the legal right to decide about the areas where smokers can smoke. This is because the state has a duty of care towards its citizens. According to the ethical theory of care an individual should make decisions while taking into consideration the people they are supposed to care about (Iep.utm.edu, 2014). The state and its representative have taken oath to make rules and regulations in order to protect its citizens and thus they have a duty of care to protect the citizens. Based on these principles, the state should implement such laws in order to protect its citizens from the harmful effects of cigarette smoking. 3. One alternative to a total smoking ban as discussed in the case is the allocation of a separate area to the smokers so they can smoke without disturbing or risking the health of others. Organizations such as restaurants and bars can develop a separate area for those smokers who want to smoke and for those who do not smoke. Secondly, a total ban on smoking in enclosed areas and allowance of smoking in open areas can even be a useful option. 4. There are various steps that the law has dictated that can be taken by an organization to demotivate employees from smoking within the premises of the organization. These steps include the exhibition of signs on the entrance of the organization that state that on premises smoking is not allowed. Secondly, signs should even be placed on the door of the areas where smoking is permitted. These guidelines have been clearly stipulated in the laws of the California Indoor Clean Air Act that was enacted during the period of 1976 (Smoking.uslegal.com, 2014). 5. Cigarette smoking should not be banned completely or cigarette smoking should not be considered as an illegal act.

Managing High-Performance IP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing High-Performance IP - Essay Example The essay "Managing High-Performance IP" talks about the reasons why the workers even though tested positive need to go through several steps of the company, paid treatment and company paid seminars is to ensure that the union’s demands are met, and this being among it is illegal to assume it. The CEO should go through the several steps of company-paid cessation seminars to be enlightened on the importance of the test being carried out. This will provide actual report since the supervisors are not sure of the existence of the problem in all departments. The drug testing activity should be carried out in a systematic way to avoid the cause of commotion amongst workers who do not use drugs. The fact that the CEO is convinced that several of the serious plant accidents had some under-the-influence element as their cause, and I agree with him. The company did incur expensive worker’s compensation settlements, in one case because of an amputation on a piece of machinery shou ld be not be included as an issue of concern in the upcoming negotiation. The criteria of my recommendations are â€Å"whether this a onetime individual issue or is the decision, in a way, establishing some new policy?† The compensation that was incurred by the company in one case because of and a piece of amputation on a piece of machinery was a onetime individual thing. The decision not to make it an issue in the upcoming negotiation is so that the matter is first looked at in depth to avoid making decisions that could affect the company negatively.

Critical Issues in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Critical Issues in Marketing - Essay Example (BRASSINGTON, Frances, 2006) Each one of the "four P's" is a variable that is managed in creation of the marketing blend that draws customers towards company. (CANT, M. C., 2009) This paper hereby emphasizes on the five critical issues in the modern marketing practices that are widely acknowledged as culture jamming, self-help, super markets, counter culture and selling of celebrity. The term "Culture jamming" refers to a cultural backtalk by switching to the language of ascertained power. (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) The process comprises of playing with memorable structures of communiqu and interfaces like "posters, billboards, official language, protocol, spaces and imagery" (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) and spiraling them back against its creator. An undermined note could contain critique of the original or might ally with a novel political message for instance "Class War: Just Do It." (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) Usually, culture jamming is considered as time saving as it is a quick job on an existing advertisement with need of merely a marker. It evenly involves the design of professional media, necessitating the superiority of intricate graphical design and copywriting. Culture jamming had brought an up to date twirl to an elongated legacy of court jesting, opinionated satire and jokey commotions of the society. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) Unlike its antecedents, although, this modern dissident game is participated principally with signs and symbols in the community that has already approached to be pervade by them. (SOLOMON, Michael R., 2003) The phase for the materialization of culture jamming was laid in the early 20th century as mass fabrication; mass utilization and mass haulage set its foot in Europe and North America. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) The pace conveyed with these innovative growths shaped a flood of information leading way for industrialized civilizations to search for and grow extra competent codes of message to cope with it all making symbolic lingos more imperative than ever and gave birth to countless novel symbolic code from street map emblems to commercial logos, all intended to craft swift sense of gradually more multifaceted information. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) In the precedent two decades, culture jamming has caught on far-off and broad range, credit to

Is Henry Rollins a good poet Discuss with specific reference to his Essay

Is Henry Rollins a good poet Discuss with specific reference to his work - Essay Example When Henry Rollins is criticized for being a lesser poet, and not so good a performer, what these critics miss is the totality of the artist that he is. Of the different categories of performers he belonged to the category of super active performers. In 1980s when he was with the punk rock group the Black Flag his pre show appearances on the stage were very critically acclaimed. He would come on stage in only a pair of black shorts while the rest of the band is tuning up before the concert. He will pace up and down the stage grinning and grinding his teeth. According to sub pop critic Calvin Johnson, â€Å"Henry was incredible. Pacing back and forth, lunging, lurching, growling; it was all real, the most intense emotional experiences I have ever seen† (as quoted by Azzerad Michel, in Our band could be your life: scenes from the American Indie Underground PP38) This shows that Henry Rollins was more a performer than a poet whose energy is more in performing poems rather than wi th in the poems. So the poetry is only one of the media he uses to perform before the world. For him a poem is not a whisper as it is too many poets, but a big shout out. It is this aspect as a performer poet that is missed out in the criticism of the poems of Rollins. Every word uttered is made into a performance by Henry Rollins. That’s why his spoken-word performances are so popular, receiving good reviews from respectable journals and News papers everywhere. In many of his interviews Rollins confesses himself to be workaholic.† I don’t have a great deal of love life. I love my work, but don’t know many people.† He explains in his interview with another poet/musician/actor, Saul Williams. Work with out love and the years flying away is almost a perpetual theme in Rollins poems. The agony of loneliness is getting denser here. The inability to love or to reach out to the lover is getting graver which is summed up so poetically and beautifully as â€Å"my silence spit in your

Depend on the movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Depend on the movie - Essay Example The idea of human inner fear to look differently and stand out against a background is shown in the Japanese movie â€Å"Shall We Dance?† by Masayuki Suo. This film tells a story about happily married accountant, who starts to feel himself discontent with his current life. Everyday for Shohei Sugiyama seems to be a little piece of routine, which he knows by heart. Getting tired of insipid life, he enrolls in a dance school. Mr. Sugiyama’s doubts and embarrassments of his new liking can be seen in episode, when he reads an article about waltz stealthily from his family. The prejudice of being unconceivable for others compels him to keep in a secret his new hobby. It seems to Shohei that it is abnormal to go for dancing, when you are a grown-up and so serious person as he is. However, interest and desire to change something in his life conquers all inconveniencies. From the first minutes of watching this movie you can conclude that Shohei is rather successful person, havi ng nice work position, family, good relationships with wife. But the thing is that Mr. Sugiyama faces the situation, when his days turn into casualty without any changes and suddenly the man begins to feel depression and aggravation.

The sounds of excitement and anticipation Essay Example for Free

The sounds of excitement and anticipation Essay The sounds of excitement and anticipation are played out in the symphonic soundtrack to the movie E.T. To feel the emotions of a character, in any story, helps one come to know the hopes, fears, and traits of a character. The contribution of music in the movie ET helps the audience to gain trust and insight into those very bits and pieces of a characters spirit, his mind set, his stance, and his behaviors. How can a movies master soundtrack possibly give the average audience member that much knowledge of a certain characters manner? Perhaps the director, Steven Spielberg, does so by repeating the common piece of music known as the flying theme. We hear the song during moments of sadness, amazement, wonder, and happiness. For example, we hear the theme when E.T. uses his power to fly the young boys and their bicycles over the forest. We hear the song so much that it begins to generate thoughts in our heads as to what the scene will mean and what new aspect of a character will be brought out in the upcoming moments of the film. When we first meet the young character, Elliot, he is at home in his kitchen, and we hear nothing more than the sounds of his mother doing dishes and his brother playing a space game with his buddies. As an audience, all we hear is muffled sound with Elliots sharp, high pitched whines yelling out above the noise. We already know that he desperately wants to be a part of the older kids group. See more: how to cite an article Those of us who are the youngest child of our families may automatically sympathize with Elliots moans and groans. We know and feel the want and need to belong and to fit in. With nothing more than the synchronous sounds of the outdoors gates swinging, dogs barking-Elliot makes his way outside to wait for the pizza man and we are given the chance to observe Elliot alone for the first time. He is young, skinny, pale, and constantly observing the actions and sounds around him. He is blunt, full of curiosity and full of mischief. Elliot is looking to prove himself and his claims of an alien to his family. As an audience member, I cannot help but feel a sense of want for Elliot to prove his family wrong, perhaps the musical themes in the background contribute to that anticipation. He waits outside with his flashlight, and in silence, all we hear is the constant hum of crickets, which helps to build suspense as he waits. Elliot then begins to search through the cornfield, the sounds of weeds and cornhusks as he moves slowly about personifies the anxiousness and fear that Elliot is feeling. They are the sounds which one awaits to hear each October while eagerly waiting in line for a haunted house or a hayride. They are the disguised sounds of adrenaline and anxiety. We can identify with these sounds and feelings which are presented, and therefore we can identify with Elliot. We are not given the chance to see Elliots room, his element, until he introduces it to his new found friend, E.T. With nothing more than the sounds of footprints, E.T.s purring breath, and the sight of Elliots wide eyes, the audience watches as E.T. and Elliot observe each other in silence. As they come to know one another one will notice that there is not dialogue, nothing more than the light trill of a string orchestra and high-pitched violins to accompany the audiences imaginations. E.T. is becoming comfortable with Elliot as Elliot is doing the same with E.T. E.T. is full of confusion, which is accompanied by mischief and wonder. We see this as he explores Elliots room. The solo sounds of Elliots paint brushes in a paint tin clank together as E.T. explores. The exploration of Elliots room and all of his gadgets and experiments illustrates to us that he is a smart, science driven child who longs to create, invent, explore, and build. Elliot is often seen in his flannel shirt, blue jeans, and his long underwear. He is short with a sloppy hair cut, possibly somewhat of a nerd. He longs to be proven. Now that Ive explained the character of Elliot, I will go into more depth about the character of E.T. E.T. is a creature unlike any other. He is an alien with the classic features; a wide, bald head, slimy skin that leaves a clear residue, wide eyes, and he doesnt speak our language, but he learns it eventually. He rarely speaks and he constantly observes his newly remodeled environment. Spielberg helps his audience come to know the character or E.T. by commonly using point of view shots. The first example of this is used in the beginning when E.T. is hiding and watching the hunters in the woods. This helps us to come to know his fear. We also see another example of this in the Halloween scene. We see E.T.s point of view through the two eyes in the white sheet, which is disguises him as a ghost. As a character, E.T. is often seen watching for sadness and longing to help. For example, in the scene which takes place in Elliots closet, we can see the look of hurt and sympathy for Elliots younger sister, Gertie, in E.T.s eyes when Michael and Elliot threaten to hurt Gerties doll if she dares to say a word about E.T.s presence in the house. E.T. is fearful of confrontation, and most often he screams and jumps at the sight of a threatening object or that of a loud, unfamiliar noise. By the end of the film, we know that E.T.s heart is full of love as it beams a bright red glow when Elliot expresses his feelings for him, which ultimately brings E.T. back to life. That scene gives us the guarantee that E.T. thrives off of kindness and love. He is gentle and curious. The synchronous sound of E.T.s purring breath, like that of a baby kitten, expresses to the audience that he is gentle and soft hearted. It seems almost impossible that E.T. could ever cause any harm. Aspects such as these help us to know and fall in love with his character. The music is what feeds the soul and emotion of E.T. It helps the audience to overcome the silence and leads them to think during frequent scenes with no dialogue. The redundant, orchestral themes that play in and out of many scenes help to identify each characters mood and state of mind, which ultimately brings the audience to know the characters spirit. The music helps up to know when they are sad, happy, content, hurt, or amazed. It leaves us with the idea of not only what they are feeling or how they appear on the outside, but who they are on the inside and what their nature is as a character and individual.

Effects of Nuclear Radiation on the Environment

Effects of Nuclear Radiation on the Environment Nuclear power is generated through the use of nuclear fission. This process produces a large amount of heat and electricity. The nuclear waste and radiation that nuclear fission produces are harmful to living organisms; however, the benefits of nuclear power are too tempting to refuse. As a testament to that fact, there are currently 437 nuclear power plants worldwide, generating a total of 372,210 megawatts worth of electricity. A further 68 nuclear power plants are under construction with an expected net output of 65,406 megawatts.  [1]   This report will outline the effects of nuclear radiation on the environment, including all biological organisms and the abiotic environment as well as both benefits and drawbacks. Effects on Organisms Using humans as an example, nuclear radiation have very detrimental and adverse effects on human beings. Being exposed to high amounts of radiation for an extended period of time will cause humans to experience radiation sickness. Symptoms of radiation sickness can include headaches, nausea, fevers as well as the possibility of obtaining cancer or causing severe damage to ones DNA.  [2]   Nuclear radiation consists of ionizing particles, which are particles that individually have enough energy to displace electrons in an atom or molecule. By forcibly removing an electron and taking its place, the particle forms an ion-pair that are immensely reactive. This reactivity can cause major damage to cells and DNA.  [3]   The Diagram shows how an Ionizing particle displaces an electron. As seen in the previous diagram, the ionizing particle, represented in yellow, will have enough energy to knock off the electron of an atom, represented in green. The resulting ion-pair is very reactive and the reactions that follow can damage human DNA and tissue. Radiation Chart: Relation between Dosage and Symptoms Sieverts, or Sv, is the international standard for measuring radiation dosage. It is meant to measure the biological effects of ionizing particles. Below is a chart provided by environmental journalist Ben Jervey that shows the dosage as well as consequences of exposure to nuclear radiation.  [4]   The Effects of Nuclear Radiation on Plants and Soil Similarly to humans and animals, plants and soil are also affected negatively from high amounts of nuclear radiation. Just like in humans, radioactive material can damage plant tissue as well as inhibit plant growth. Mutations are also possible due to the damage caused to the DNA. Radioactive material in soil can prevent nutrient from being taken in by plants, causing it to be infertile. The effects of nuclear radiation can sometimes change the biodiversity of an area completely. Taking the Red Forest in Chernobyl, Russia as an example, the area is filled with radioactive material such as Iodine-131 and Cesium-137 due to the nuclear power plant disaster.  [5]  Many plants and organisms died within days of the disaster and the soil of the forest could not support life. However, after many years, as the radioactive material began to reach their half-life, sturdier plants and animals began to inhabit the contaminated zone. Although the Red Forest is still too radioactive for humans to settle in, it has been proven that the biodiversity of life within the forest is currently higher than it was before the nuclear disaster. The forest is now currently a wildlife refuge where all kinds of animal and plant species thrive.  [6]   Another example of nuclear radiations effects on soil is the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan. The explosion at the nuclear reactor released clouds of radiation over much of Japans agricultural land. This caused crops to become irradiated and unsafe for consumption. The irradiated soil also bore irradiated plants or became infertile. Over 81,000 hectares of land were affected by the radiation.  [7]  Unlike Chernobyl, where European soil is good at absorbing radiation, and thus limits the amount of radiation absorbed by plants, Japanese soil is sandy, offering less resistance to radiation. Due to the lack of crops and food, many of Japans consumers have to rely on aid from other countries or imports. This has put considerable stress on Japans economy, not including the $13 billion that will cost Japan to completely decontaminate the affected area.  [8]  http://gdb.rferl.org/65D2A05D-CADB-40BA-92D2-533441CAE636_w640_r1_s.jpg A Journalist checking radiation levels at Fukushima Daiichi power plant. Radiation Therapy Ironically, while radiation in high, uncontrolled doses can be detrimental and even fatal to a persons wellbeing, it also has been proven that radiation can be used to treat certain health problems. The most significant of which are tumours and cancer cells. Radiation therapy is the use of x-ray, gamma rays or charged particles to kill cancer cells and reduce tumour growth. The treatment works by using the radiation to selectively damage the cancer cells DNA impeding or stopping its ability to replicate and grow. As the cancer cells slowly degrade, the human bodys natural defenses are able to naturally destroy the cancer cells. Radiation therapy is not without risks. The radiation used is also very harmful to every other type of cell within the human body. This is why the radiation used is mostly in the form of a pin-point laser directed at an angle so as to not affect other tissue other than the cancer cells and tumours.  [9]  Radiation Therapy Food Irradiation Another benefit of nuclear radiation can be found in our everyday lives in the form of food irradiation. As explained in the Fukushima case study previously, irradiation of food will make it unsafe for consumption, however, small amounts of nuclear radiation are able to kill bacteria and sterilize food, preventing spoilage. The amount of radiation needed for the process is so minute that it is safe for human consumption. To emphasize the safety of the food irradiation process, only gamma rays are used, which means that no neutrons are present to cause radioactivity in the food. Furthermore, the source of the gamma radiation never makes contact with the actual foodstuff. The extension of shelf life due to killing bacteria and other organisms can result in the lesser use of pesticide and preservatives in food. This also means that there is a lower risk of invasive species being exported to another country through the food. The increased spoilage time also allows for easier exporting over long distances.  [10]   Conclusion Based on the information and case studies presented in this report, we can conclude that nuclear power and radiation can be both beneficial and harmful to humans and the environment. Nuclear energy is dangerous and unstable and may result in great damage to the environment if something goes wrong. However, if used properly, it can provide large amounts of energy for in place of fossil fuels and other non-renewable resources. Nuclear radiation has also proven to be effective in certain medical treatment and food processing that benefit humanity. On the other hand, many are skeptical about the use of radiation in everyday life due to the volatile and dangerous nature of radiation.

Analysis of Data Mining Tools

Analysis of Data Mining Tools Assignment 2 Data-mining tools use algorithms to sets of information to reveal trends and patterns in the information, which analysts use to develop new business strategies. Analysts use the result from data-mining tools to build models that, when exposed to new information sets, perform a various information analysis functions. The analysts provide business solutions by putting together the analytical techniques and the business problem at hand, which often reveals important new correlations, patterns, and trends. The more common forms of data-mining analysis capabilities include: Cluster analysis Association detection Statistical analysis CLUSTER ANALYSIS Cluster analysis is a method used to isolate a data set into fundamentally unrelated gatherings with the end goal that the individuals from every gathering are as near one another as conceivable to each other and the distinctive gatherings are as far separated as could be expected under the circumstances. Bunch investigation is regularly used to fragment client data for client relationship administration frameworks to help associations recognize clients with comparative behavioral characteristics, for example, groups of best clients or onetime clients. Bunch examination additionally can reveal normally happening designs in data. Data-mining apparatuses that comprehend human dialect are finding sudden applications in prescription. IBM and the Mayo Clinic uncovered shrouded designs in therapeutic records, finding that newborn child leukemia has three particular bunches, each of which most likely advantages from custom fitted medicines. Caroline A. Kovac, general administrator of IBM Life Sciences, expects that mining the records of growth patients for grouping examples will turn up pieces of information indicating the way colossal walks in curing malignancy. An incredible case of group investigation happens when endeavoring to fragment clients in view of postal districts. Understanding the socioeconomics, way of life practices, and purchasing examples of the most beneficial sections of the populace at the postal division level is vital to an effective target showcasing procedure. Focusing on just the individuals who have a high inclination to buy items and administrations will help a top of the line business cut its deals and advertising costs immensely. Seeing every client section by postal district permits a business to decide the significance of every portion. ASSOCIATION DETECTION Whirlpool Corporation, a $4.3 billion home and business apparatus producer, utilizes several RD engineers, information examiners, quality confirmation experts, and client benefit faculty who all cooperate to guarantee that every era of machines is superior to the past era. Whirlpool is a case of an association that is picking up business insight with affiliation identification information mining apparatuses. Association detection uncovers how much factors are connected and the nature and recurrence of these connections in the data. Whirlpools guarantee examination apparatus, for example, utilizes factual investigation to consequently distinguish potential issues, give brisk and simple access to reports, and perform multidimensional examination on all guarantee data. This affiliation location information mining instrument empowers Whirlpools chiefs to take proactive measures to control item surrenders even before the greater part of its clients know about the deformity. The instrument likewise permits Whirlpool staff to dedicate more opportunity to esteem included errands, for example, guaranteeing high caliber on all items as opposed to sitting tight for or physically dissecting month to month reports. Many individuals allude to affiliation discovery calculations as affiliation manage generators since they make tenets to decide the probability of occasions happening together at a specific time or taking after each other in a legitimate movement. Rates more often than not mirror the examples of these occasions; for instance, 55 percent of the time, occasions An and B happened together, or 80 percent of the time that things An and B happened together, they were trailed by thing C inside three days. A standout amongst the most widely recognized types of affiliation location examination is market wicker bin investigation. Showcase wicker container examination breaks down such things as sites and checkout scanner data to recognize clients purchasing conduct and foresee future conduct by distinguishing affinities among clients selections of items and administrations. Showcase wicker container investigation is much of the time used to create advertising effort for cross-offering items and administrations (particularly in managing an account, protection, and back) and for stock control, rack item situation, and other retail and promoting applications. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical analysis performs such limits as information connections, transports, numbers, and change examination. Data mining devices offer learning pros a broad assortment of powerful quantifiable limits so they can quickly fabricate a variety of true models, take a gander at the models doubts and authenticity, and research the diverse models to choose the best one for a particular business issue. Kraft is the producer of immediately obvious sustenance brands, for instance, Oreo, Ritz, DiGiorno, and Kool-Aid. The association realized two data mining applications to ensure solid flavor, shading, notice, surface, and appearance for the lions share of its food lines. One application researched thing consistency and the other separated process assortment diminishing (PVR). The product consistency tools, SENECA (Sensory and Experimental Collection Application), aggregates and inspects information by consigning careful definitions and numerical scales to such qualities as chewy, sweet, crunchy, and smooth. SENECA then structures models, histories, figures, and examples in perspective of customer testing and surveys potential thing redesigns and changes. The PVR gadget ensures relentless flavor, shading, notice, surface, and appearance for every Kraft thing since even little changes in the warming methodology can realize huge abberations in taste. Surveying every gathering technique, from recipe rules to treat blend shapes and sizes, the PVR gadget can make gigantic cost save reserves for each thing. Using these sorts of data burrowing systems for quality control and bundle examination guarantees that the billions of Kraft things that accomplish purchasers yearly will continue tasting mind blowing with every snack. Forecasting is a run of the mill sort of quantifiable examination. Formally described, appraisals are conjectures made on the commence of time-game plan information. Time-game plan information is time-stamped information accumulated at a particular repeat. Instances of time-course of action information join web visits each hour, bargains each month, and calls each day. Deciding data mining mechanical assemblies allow customers to control the time game plan for guaging works out. Exactly when discovering designs and intermittent assortments in esteem based information, use a period course of action figure to change the esteem based information by units of time, for instance, changing week after week information into month to month or general information or hourly information into step by step information. Associations base era, hypothesis, and staffing decisions on a vast gathering of financial and market pointers along these lines. Deciding models allow relationship to consider an extensive variety of variables when choosing. Nestlà © Italiana is a bit of the multinational goliath Nestlà © Group and starting at now summons Italys sustenance industry. The association upgraded bargains assessing by 25 percent with its data mining guaging course of action that enables the associations boss to settle on target decisions in perspective of truths instead of subjective decisions in light of nature. Choosing bargains gauges for intermittent treat store things is a basic and testing errand. In the midst of Easter, Nestlà © Italiana has only four weeks to promote, pass on, and offer its customary things. The Christmas day and age is to some degree additionally, persisting from six to two months, while diverse events, for instance, Valentines Day and Mothers Day have shorter time designations of around one week.

Gray-Hat Hacking Essay -- Computers Technology Hackers Essays Research

Gray-Hat Hacking Overview Computer security is a growing concern with the onset of always-on connections in the home and the emerging global network. More and more people become connected everyday. The reliance on computers in our daily lives has increased the need for security and has shifted the ethical line for hackers and hacking. â€Å"A hacker is someone with deep knowledge of and great interest in a system. A hacker is someone who likes to delve into the inner workings of a system to find out how it works.†2 The definition of a hacker has been skewed in recent years by the press to connotate people who break into computer systems. The term has also evolved to represent people who protect computer systems and those that break into them. These newly termed hackers can be classified into three categories white-hat, black-hat, and gray-hat hackers. White-hat hackers are employed by corporations and work on the good side to secure computer systems without breaking into them. Black-hat hackers work on the bad side and attempt to compromise systems in illegal ways. Gray-hat hackers occupy the gray space of hacking and break into systems to learn and expose flaws, often as a service to the computer community. The ethical line dividing white-hat hackers and black-hat hackers is clear. However, the line that separates gray-hat hackers from black-hat hackers is constantly shifting in the new global network. Hacking that may have been considered ethical yesterday may not be true today due to the impact on global systems in the form of dollars loss and downtime. Hacking has evolved from simply having knowledge of systems by harmlessly breaking into them to an issue of security and computer crimes (cybercrimes). Hacking attac... ...um Copyright Act, 1998, http://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf 5 Deborah Radcliff, Playing by Europe’s rule, 2001, http://www.computerworld.com/securitytopics/security/story/0,10801,62057,00.html 6 US Department of Justice, Federal Computer Intrusion Laws, http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/cclaws.html 7 Council of Europe, Convention on Cybercrime CETS No.:185, 2001, http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/cadreprincipal.htm 8 CSI / FBI, Computer Crime and Security Survey, 2003, http://i.cmpnet.com/gocsi/db_area/pdfs/fbi/FBI2003.pdf 9 George W. Bush, President’s Message to the Senate on the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, 2003, http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/senateCoe.pdf 10 US Department of Justice, FAQ on Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, 2003, http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/COEFAQs.htm

Computer Repair :: Essays Papers

Computer Repair At Ford Motor Company, we have a passion for Better Ideas. Whether pushing the limits of technology and design, or bringing people together within a community, we work to approach every challenge with ingenuity and caring. Explore opportunities for doing business with us, visit the Investor Center, or learn more about us. Environmental Initiatives Learn what we're doing to build vehicles that are better for the environment as well as promote conservation in communities, schools, and our very own facilities. Corporate Citizenship Explore what corporate citizenship means at Ford Motor Company and how we are striving to make the world a better place. Safety & Security The safety of our vehicles and the families who rely on them is essential to Ford Motor Company. Read about our latest safety enhancements and how we're educating motorists to buckle up and drive smart. Design & Technology We're researching in Asia, partnering with NASA, and innovating in our plants and offices around the world every day. Get a preview of what's new and what's next at Ford Motor Company. Partnerships & Alliances We want you to know about the partners we work with and the programs we support. Our professional network includes some of the most exciting companies and collaborations in the marketplace today. Suppliers Ford Motor Company relies on strong relationships with suppliers and we welcome new suppliers with great products and ideas. Investor Information Access investor news, stock updates, and company reports. Heritage Trace the history of Ford Motor Company—learn more about Henry Ford and 100 years of innovation. Newsroom Get news, read press releases, and review our company policies on topics such as air quality and the Firestone recall. Global Sites Check out the websites, vehicles, and services that are available in over 120 countries. Careers Our success has been achieved through the concerted efforts and collective vision of a diverse workforce in the US and abroad. Find out about career opportunities with us. Site Map Privacy FAQs Contact Us Note: leads to an external site  ©Copyright 2001 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved. Computer Repair :: Essays Papers Computer Repair At Ford Motor Company, we have a passion for Better Ideas. Whether pushing the limits of technology and design, or bringing people together within a community, we work to approach every challenge with ingenuity and caring. Explore opportunities for doing business with us, visit the Investor Center, or learn more about us. Environmental Initiatives Learn what we're doing to build vehicles that are better for the environment as well as promote conservation in communities, schools, and our very own facilities. Corporate Citizenship Explore what corporate citizenship means at Ford Motor Company and how we are striving to make the world a better place. Safety & Security The safety of our vehicles and the families who rely on them is essential to Ford Motor Company. Read about our latest safety enhancements and how we're educating motorists to buckle up and drive smart. Design & Technology We're researching in Asia, partnering with NASA, and innovating in our plants and offices around the world every day. Get a preview of what's new and what's next at Ford Motor Company. Partnerships & Alliances We want you to know about the partners we work with and the programs we support. Our professional network includes some of the most exciting companies and collaborations in the marketplace today. Suppliers Ford Motor Company relies on strong relationships with suppliers and we welcome new suppliers with great products and ideas. Investor Information Access investor news, stock updates, and company reports. Heritage Trace the history of Ford Motor Company—learn more about Henry Ford and 100 years of innovation. Newsroom Get news, read press releases, and review our company policies on topics such as air quality and the Firestone recall. Global Sites Check out the websites, vehicles, and services that are available in over 120 countries. Careers Our success has been achieved through the concerted efforts and collective vision of a diverse workforce in the US and abroad. Find out about career opportunities with us. Site Map Privacy FAQs Contact Us Note: leads to an external site  ©Copyright 2001 Ford Motor Company. All rights reserved.

Public Schools vs. Private Schools Essay

Public or private? That is the question. One important thing to keep in mind when determining a school choice is the long and short term effects on students and their views. The differences between them can help with the decision on which kind of school to choose. Public and private schools are different in funding and their learning environment. Public and private schools have different sources of support. Public schools depend on various government funding. One example being, they get funds from the state sales taxes collected from businesses, stores, etc. Another way they get their funds is by The Minimum Foundation Program, which is the state approbation formula. Finally, the most common way of funding is through local sales taxes and from the communities property taxes. Private schools, however, are not supported by money from the government. The main way they receive their money is the tuition payments made by the families of the students. Similarly, they’re also able to receive money from grants, such as The Private School Aid program, and also A+PELs Grant and Scholarship Program. Finally, charitable donations by the local community organizations play a big part in funding things needed for the  schools. Also, public and private schools have different learning environments.Public schools are generally known to have a poor learning environment. One example being, they have a tendency to be virtually all one race dependent on  the communities’ location. Also, their learning atmospheres are generally not a safe and secure environment. Finally, there would be more of a chance of being around drugs and violence. Public school discipline procedures tend to be more lenient. Often many rules are broken and nothing is done to punish the rule breakers. On the other hand, private schools tend to have a better learning environment. They’re mostly chosen for the well being of the child. For example, having strict procedures allows the student to have a more independent means of achievement. Also, they tend to have more racial diversity and economic groups, which put a better clientele of students together. And finally, having these procedures allows the student to focus more on their studies, rather than having to worry about what another student will do to them. In conclusion, there are different funding and learning environments in public and private schools. However, it is still up to an individual to make the choice on where to go. Some parents may choose public schools, because financially that is all they can handle. On the contrary, some will choose private schooling simply based on its learning environment. The better environment a student has the better protection and knowledge it will receive.

Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (Bars)

oppugn What techniques discussed in this chapter did he face to wear? Answer The technique discussed in this chapter did Mr. outgo seem to apply is behaviorally anchored rating outmatch (BARS). It is an appraisal method that aims at feature the benefits of narrative deprecative accidents and quantified ratings by anchoring a quantified scale with specific narrative role model of ripe or poor surgical process. in that respect are flipper steps need to under transgressed the BARS which the first cardinal is write small incidents.On this step, it is required to imply persons who have intercourse the telephone line (jobholders and/or supervisors) to set forth specific illustrations (critical incidents) of effective and ineffective job carrying into action. The secant step is develop performance dimensions which people group the incidents into five or ten dimensions and then define each of the dimension. The example of the dimension is salesmanship skills, skill in monetary transactions, bagging skills, human carnal goledge skills and so forth.The third step of developing BARS is reallocate incidents that verify these groupings and abide another team of people who besides roll in the hay the job reallocate the certain critical incidents. From the second step and the critical incidents, a cluster definition has been reason out and must reassign each incident to the cluster which is fits best. For example, 50 per cent to 80 per cent of this second team assigns it to the resembling cluster as did the first group. The nigh step is scaling the incident which the second group were rate the behavior draw by the incident as to know how effective or inefficiently it represents performance on the dimension.The last step of developing BARS is developing a boundaryinal instrument which chooses about six to sevener of the incidents as the dimensions behavioral anchors. However, there are some wagess when developing the behaviorally anchore d rating scale. The first one is much accurate gauge which people know and do the job and its requirements better than anyone develop the BARS and finally was producing a good gauge of job performance. Secondly is has a clearer standards. The critical incidents along the scale gild what to look for in terms of prime(prenominal) performance, average performance, and so on.Meaning that, they will know how good they are in term of performance. Third advantage is getting the feedback which the critical incidents make it easier to explain the ratings to appraisees. Next advantage is it has separate dimensions. Clustering the critical incidents into five or six performance dimensions should abet to make the performance dimensions more independent of one another. Lastly, consistency is the advantage where the BARS-based evaluations seem to be relatively reliable, in that disparate raters appraisals of the same person tend to be similar.

Contemporary issues in marketing Essay

Contemporary issues in merchandisingIntroduction Tesco is a UK-based international securities industry and general merchandising sell epitome. In the recent past, Tesco has undertaken an array of merchandising activities to put on its merchandise strategies and bodily kind province. The fellowship has invested in a wheel of own-label carrefours, in-depth market research with nodes, realised such(prenominal) in- come in facilities as bakeries and meat counters and baby transpose roofs, as launched first-class training program to alter its staff to offer service to clients the trounce look possible (Chaffey & Smith 2008, p.55). This centralize on node-centric elaboration has been signified by the official touchs of the Tesco clubho practice tantalise and Tesco Direct.Tesco Club green back Use of node committal programs has be comply much and more pronounced in galore(postnominal) industries, the sell sector being no exception. Retailers ar increasingly adopting client club cards to advocate customer dedication by providing value to them. This tapping into customer obedience for mutual benefit is a prefatory technique of relationship market which in addition involves opposite variables of trust, commitment, satis featureion, and value (Palmer 2005, p.125). Compargond to its major competitors, Tesco has the most conquestful customer fast(a)ty program cognizen as Tesco Club Card. This has deedn Tesco competitive advantage as the contender has only succeeded in creating false loyalty. Whilst other companies choose intentional good loyalty programs, they allow failed to compose value to their brands in the eye of the consumer leading to customer dissatisfaction. The Tesco Club card scheme, launched in 1995, has direct benefits to card-holding customers who cause a point for 1 spent at Tesco stores or at Tescos website, as nearly as double points right71755on peculiar(prenominal) offers by the super market. The points be stored and accumulated and the card holder is awarded with vouchers for the value of points they agree built up at four clock a year (Gummesson 2008, p.55). These vouches rotter then be used for shop in store or on Club card Deals where their value is quadrupled. In addition, Club Card holders qualify for free devil to a heel of Club card clubs by Tesco such as profound solid food, baby and toddler, food and Christmas clubs. Tesco card-holding customers in like manner benefit from the convenience of purchasing pass around miles using their club card points bonding Tescos alliance with Virgin Atlantic. The Tesco Club card trunk besides benefits customers by rewarding green points to them when they establish to environment sustainability measures by dint of bringing their own mail carrier bags during shopping. This is part of Tescos 10-point Community Plan intend to increase greenness at all Tesco stores and meliorate the concatenations pos iting within the community (Charlesworth 2009, p.85). The scheme also entails Tescos efforts to introduce thicker and degradable bags. by dint of this plan, Tesco customers be able to adopt environmentally friendly manner and significantly contribute to sustainability. Similarly, Tesco itself substantially benefits from the Tesco Club Card scheme. The benefits afforded to the customers allows Tesco to understand consumer behavior and micro-segment them in calls of life style habits. Data obtained from this enables Tesco to target the customers with more(prenominal) than man-to-manized promotions along with other trade programmes (Gummesson 2008, p.86). Tesco is able to gather elaborate info close individual customers buying habits slice at the same age maintaining feedback channels by which the stores communicate directly with their customers and descriptor loyalty. The wealth of development obtained from the Tesco Club Card system, which is forever updated an d refreshed, has significantly contributed to the supermarket grasps association of its customer base, increased gross revenue and commitment from customers. In addition, Tesco enjoys such operating theateral benefits as refined stock selection, display as sanitary as staffing levels (Humby 2008, p.47). Tesco Comp any has also revolutionized its use of personalized club card data by online market scheme. Considerable changes take a leak been do to the keep companys website, Tesco.com. Club card has been turned digital, where data most individual consumer habits are correlated with other sources of data such as busy phone data, social ne dickensrking data, payment methods to enable pitch of even more personalized offers to customers (Hart 2003, p.203). As such, value offers flash up to its most price-sensitive customers whilst finest products are the core of personalized messages to the more up-market club card holders.Tescos Home rescue Service Tesco.com, previously known as Tesco Direct, has forceed a huge loyal customer base as a result of the companys slender dental plate(a) grocery address service. It was initially targeted at prison term-precious consumers needing to buy Tesco products online. This was done with the cause that only a particular subset of the customers wanted to buy online. As such, Tesco choose a user-friendly operating system unneurotic to produce a flexible denture delivery system carefully tailored to equalize the weep for and expectations of the target market (Hart 2003, p.206). Tesco,com has grown to become a strong stage billet model complimented by Tescos Club card loyalty programme, and overhauled the leading supermarket chain with identifying, segmenting and incentivizing the most potential customer for less than $250 a head (Humby et al. 2008,, p.221). The home delivery service endeavors to gratify as much as possible the mother of shopping at a local Tesco store. The home deli very model is a product of Tescos determination to know its customer more than be supermarkets and other internet retailers. It has benefitted Tescos reputation of auditory sense to customers and responding to their wishes accordingly (Chaffey & Smith 2008, p.98). Tesco has at least 3,200-strong transcend of light commercials that facilitate round 500,000 deliveries per week. The supermarket chains home delivery vehicles are in operation seven days a week for a maximum 16 hours daily, resulting in substantial positive effect on their customer service levels. utilise a powerful satellite navigational system, Tesco drivers follow most efficient delivery routes that enable them to meet delivery schedules at all times. This is helped by the fact that the company has a team of high complete pickers who take care of online regularizes. merchandise races Between giving medication And Its StakeholdersTescos kin Marketing The existence of a business depends on its ability to build relationships amidst employers, employees, investors, customers, suppliers and other stakeholders, and efforts done to attain success. Tesco builds marketing relationships with its stakeholders with listening to them pursues partnership approach with suppliers, employees and suppliers due to its printing in open and constructive relationships (Thoenig & Waldman 2007, p.152). Similarly, Tesco listens and partners with communities in which they do business for the purpose of brain local issues and needs. Tesco as a publicly trade limited company has diverse ownership, meaning that the investment community has great degree of leverage over retailer strategy as well greater degree of independence of the supermarket to promote sustainability even in instances where it is against short-term financial interests. Considering that Tesco operates in a highly competitive securities industry where products, tastes, consumer buying behaviors and even store are continuously c hanging, it al appearances have to devise proactive measures to cross with these changes. The companys slogan, Every Little helps, describes its way of working with all its stakeholders. Tesco has a history of large-hearted to both up-graders and down-graders, which has helped the supermarket store to significantly broaden its demographic base. Tesco strives to fulfill its aims and impersonals of creating value for its customers and gain their lifetime loyalty by promoting deals and gross sales of products via direct mail and emails to customers. The messages are tailored for individual customers depending on their history of purchases retrieved from Tescos customer database developed from nurture gathered by Tesco Club card (Humby 2008, p.87). Tesco builds strong relationships with customers by nervous strain to understand them and be the first to meet their needs. Tesco customers constantly receive notifications about the current new products in stores as well on Tesco .com website. The supermarket chain also offers deals and discounts on its products in line with the customers needs. Tesco also bump offs use of relationship marketing on its website to market special offers to customers during such holiday seasons as Easter. The website carries a range of products and presents from which customers can pick from to purchase. guests are also afforded the resource to pre-order their deliveries, enabling customers to book in advance products they rely to purchase online and be home delivered.Tescos Cause-Related Marketing (CRM) Phrases such as corporate reputation and corporate citizenship have increasingly become common additions to marketing speak as brands recognize the need to be perceived as responsible players by customers and the society. Cause-related marketing refers to any partnership between an presidency and a charity program which markets a product, service, or an image for mutual benefit (Hassan & Parves 2013, p.6). Tesco is at the top of an noteworthy group of companies that have integrated major cause-related marketing programs into their marketing activities. This has been informed by Tescos understanding of the significance of CRM substantial benefits to the institution and positive impact on the community at large. CRM programs have turn out necessary due to changing expectations of stakeholders who increasingly demanding greater accountability and responsibilities from organizations. CRM activities have positively benefitted Tescos communicating and marketing power. For instance, the supermarket chain has employd major advert spending in supporting a look of community involvements e.g. Computers for Schools and Sports for Schools and Clubs. When customers spend in excess of 10 at Tesco stores or at Tescos website, they are awarded vouchers than can be given to schools and clubs (Thoenig & Waldman 2007, p.149). Tesco has also build reputation as a responsible business due to pr oprietary involvement in healthy eating initiatives such as it inclusion of glycemia might on food-product labeling and a Gi guide life-style book for customers. CRM activities through Tesco club card and home delivery services have proved to be an intrinsic component of Tescos marketing strategy for enhancing its corporate reputation, brand equity, loyalty, sales, and corporate social responsibility (Thoenig & Waldman 2007, p.157). CRM has strength over more conventional forms of marketing in the sense that it provides both emotional and quick of scent connection with the customer, thus building a much stronger and sustainable relationship between the organization and customer as a stakeholder.Tesco Information flip-flop (TIE) Tesco has also made significant efforts to boost its previously confrontational relationships with its suppliers as a result of the companys competing on price with its supplier brands through use of copycat store brands (Thoenig & Waldman 2007, p.15 0). Since 1997, Tesco has been partnering with its suppliers to jointly develop a differentiated marketing approach the Tesco Information Exchange (TIE). Through TIE, Tesco supplies its supplies with real time teaching pertaining to store sales of their products. This would help in marketing analysis in concert with logistical planning. This arrangement enables Tescos supplier to give input that contributes to the breakment of Tescos marketing efficacy. Furthermore, the Tesco-suppliers partnership extends into development of certain products for their customers, undertaking store-specific promotions or internalization the vendors offer to the companys customers at the store-specific level. The result of this relationship has been its suppliers general acquaintance of Tesco as professional, fair, consistent, and perpetrate to its customers (Thoenig & Waldman 2007, p.151).Role of Customer Relationship focussing (CRM) In recent years, Customer Relationship Management (C RM) has become a powerful marketing tool that has led to massive increase in sales and profit maximization in the retail sector (Stair & Reynolds 2010, p.47). This has especially been the case due to the increasingly competitive modern marketplace in which customers carry on to gain vigour, translating that business have to focus more on their customers in order to retain them and attract more others. Customer Relationship Management refers to any initiative or application developed to help a firm optimize its interactions with customers, suppliers, or protests through one or more touch points such as a salesperson, distributor, call center, store, branch office, e-mail, meshwork etc for the purpose of acquiring, retaining and cross-selling customers (Hassan & Parves 2013, p.2). CRM is designed to develop and continuously cleanse an organizations relationship with its customers in their real-time transactions, with the greater help of information technology. CRM utilizes suc h tools as databases, personalized engines, targeted marketing, response function analysis, online preference surveys, and programs designed to track and analyze customer behavior (Hassan & Parves 2013, p.3). It builds on conventional marketing principles and much emphasis is on recognizing and defining what customers perceive as value and strive to deliver it. CRM goes beyond marketing as it involves a range of business practices designed to put the organization into closer touch with its customers so as to date more about one another, where the overall objective is to make each other more precious to the firm. Retailers greatly rely on the implementation of CRM form _or_ system of government approaches and frameworks to ensure their business success (Hassan & Parves 2013, p.5). Tesco adopted CRM in the early 1990s when the supermarket chain started working with a marketing services firm, Dunnhumby, leading to the launch of the anterior test of loyalty card scheme in its s ix stores in 1994. In relation to the Tesco Clubcard, CRM can be best termed to as initiatives designed to improve the supermarket chains performance at all point of contact with their customers, to make them happier part do the company richer at the same time. The main motivating behind the Tesco Clubcard was to gain insight into the shopping habits of Tescos customers as well as give something back to them. This scheme established a new point-of-sale (POS) technology at Tesco along with a call centre dedicated to handle customer queries. Generally, Tesco has utilized CRM in its butt ones to create, maintain, and expand relationships with its customers. Tescos CRM initiatives involve loyalty cards, home delivery services, company service desk, mobile shopper and Point of Sale (POS) till. To a larger extent, success of CRM in creating value and benefits for all concerned is parasitical on both the supplier and consumers of products or services. However, with the rapid te chnologies changes, leading companies like Tesco have been able to utilize CRM as a strategic approach best placed to improve the value of its shareholders by achieving good relationship with key customer bases or customer bases. This is especially because the implementation and affectivity of Customer Relationship Management are strongly dependent on the stiff custom of information technologies together with strategies of relationship marketing to deliver profitable goals in the longer term (Hassan & Parves 2013, p.8). Strategies of CRM have greater potential of delivering value for the business organization and its stakeholders because they are exclusively customer oriented. Through CRM, Tescos business practices have enabled it to appeal to its live and potential customers more closely, creating an opportunity for mutual understanding and offering better worth to each other. At the end every three month, more than 150,000 loyal Tesco customers are delivered with magazine from the supermarket chain highlighting the latest and exclusive offers of the companys products and services, while more than 8 million Tesco shoppers are reached by the CRM tools. By and large, Tesco can be termed as the most excelled practitioner of CRM pertaining to its companionship of the customer thoughts, their perception and feeling regarding grocery shopping. Using demographic data, lifestyle data, information on numerate dollars spent on food items, and customer response to offers and promotions facilitated by the Tesco Clubcard, Tesco has put much focus on customer satisfaction by growing customer needs segments to which personalized coupons are awarded to individual segments. Tesco has also successfully applied CRM approaches to its home delivery services. They have contributed to creation of value for both the company and its customers in the sense that new technology applications (Microsoft-developed website) have resulted in reduced flexibility of deli very time and improved order- pickax process. The company uses special software that manages the picking operations including routing and substitution (Stair & Reynolds 2010, p.47). Use of CRM has ensured greater availability of products most likely to be ordered by different customers given that each Tesco stores server is equipped with each customers favourite product history. Also, Tesco stores add value by fine-tuning wholesale order and maintaining regional variation in impairment of pricing for the benefit of the customer.Value of widen marketing coalesce As with all types of marketing activities, retail marketers need to developed concrete knowledge of their markets, needs of their customers and the competitive pressures they face in order to develop clear targeted market strategies and considered brand positioning. This requires that an organization devotes significant amount of attention to its marketing concoction (Stair & Reynolds 2010, p.79). In the recent past , the traditional 4Ps marketing alloy has expanded to extended services marketing mix to involve additional 3Ps forcible evidence or in-store atmospheres, people, and processes.Physical evidence The forcible evidence constituent refers to the tangible chemical elements or in-store atmosphere that customers can evaluate. The physical layout is critical today as customers increasingly come into contact with products or services in retail stores they expect high standard of presentation (Charlesworth 2009, p.211). age Tesco has not committed large amounts of money in store-design relative to its competitors, its stores are reputed for their warmth and excellent layout of products. Tesco ensures a customer who enters their stores gets exceptional personal screw through adequate amount of lighting, proper sign boards and neatly dressed employees highly knowledgeable about the products on sale in the store. As such, Tesco customers can ceaselessly expect find their way and locate products around the stores with exceptional ease. The products on the shelves are supplied with sufficient information relating to prices and manufacturing ingredients besides being clean. High quality physical layout of Tesco is evident at its virtual stores and websites which have artless design and are relatively user-friendly. In addition, Tesco has made effort to provide its customers with tangible evidence about of the quality of their products and services through brochures and magazines given later every three months.People The people element relates to the evaluation of personnel providing services in terms of their knowledge, competence, customer relations etc. According to Gummesson (1999), everyone in firm in the service industry is a part-time marketer, thus their every actions have great direct impact on the turnout received by customers. Thus, employees can be verbalise to be the business and are a alert component of the marketing mix. In this regard, Tesco has strived to enrich its merciful resource by refining its recruitment methods, training, demand and rewards schemes for its staff so that they can in turn give excellent service to customers. Tesco staff is shared in six specific groups with particular skills, knowledge and resources to execute their roles to the satisfaction of the customer.Tesco is committed to its values that enunciate No one tries harder for customers as well as We treat people how we like to be treated. The supermarket chain believes that by managing its people well, in a close of respect and trust, employees will deliver their best to customers while customers will develop loyalty to the company (Tesco 2012, p.2). Tesco has also worked hard to establish excellent buying processes for its customers by providing them with an option of visiting their brick-and-mortar stores in different locations or ordering online at Tesco.com. In Tesco stores, customers are presented with two efficient option s of checking out their products till payment or self-service. Tesco has made significant strides in improving the shopping experience of its online consumers by working to decrease the total amount of time spent on end an order from the previous one hour to about half an hour. The supermarket chain has also improved its home delivery service by increasing the number of delivery truck, personnel and the overall time it takes to make the deliveries.Processes The process element relates to the assessment of the entire experience as provided by the service (Charlesworth 2009, p.215). This is particularly crucial as most consumes increasingly perceive the process of shopping as important as the product they purchase, whether it be the calm efficiency of professionally-run department store or the overall excitement of the sale. An effective marketing process entails a variety of processes such as processes of identifying customer needs and demands, processes of handling customer c omplaints among others. Tesco is committed to its vision of satisfying customers with their products. In general, there are several rallying calls that attest to Tescos utilization of the processes element in its service marketing mix. They include we try to get it right first time, we deliver consistently everyday, we make our jobs easier to do, and we always save time and money, and we know how vital our jobs are.ReferencesChaffey D. & Smith P.R. 2008. E-Marketing excellence. 3rd Ed. Butterworth Heineman.Charlesworth A. 2009. cyberspace Marketing A practical Approach. 1st Ed. Butterworth Heineman.Gummesson E. 2008. full Relationship Marketing. 3rd Ed. ButterworthHeineman.HART, S. J. (2003). Marketing changes. London, Thomson.Hassan, A. & Parves, M. 2013. A relative Case Study Investigating the Adoption of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) The Case of Tesco and Sainsburys. International diary of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol. 4, No. 1.HUMBY, C., HUNT, T., & PHILLIPS, T. (2008). scaling Points How Tesco Continues to Win Customer Loyalty. London, Kogan Page.Palmer A. 2005. Principles of Services Marketing. 4th Ed. McGraw Hill.STAIR, R. M., & REYNOLDS, G. W. (2010). Principles of information systems a managerial approach. Boston, Mass, Course Technology, Cengage Learning.THOENIG, J.-C., & WALDMAN, C. (2007). The marking attempt business success and societal embedding. Basingstoke England, Palgrave Macmillan.Source put down