Definition and Examples of Metonyms

The Basic Training Of Pavlo Hummel - 1615 Words

In The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel. The Vietnam Plays, Volume One, Slaughterhouse Five, and A Long Way Gone survival in war is portrayed from the ability to overcome extreme states of conflict and war through training, luck, and personal determination. All of these works tell the story of survival, though not all the protagonist survive. In The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel. The Vietnam Plays, Volume One, The protagonist Pavlo Hummel is trained to survive even after the opening chapter starts with his death. In Slaughterhouse Five the protagonist Billy Pilgrim survives through shear luck as he bumbles his way through the war and in A Long Way Gone the protagonist Ishmael Beah ends up surviving through his determination to leave the†¦show more content†¦Gonna tell you little bit about what you do you comin’ through the woods, you find a man wounded in his chest. You gotta seal it off. That wound workin’ like a valve, pullin’ in air, makin’ p ressure to collapse that man’s lung; you get him to breathe out and hold his breath. You apply the metal-foil side a the waterproof wrapping of the first-aid dressing, tie it off. Gonna hafta tie it extra; you use your poncho, his poncho, you get strips of cloth. You tear up you own damn shirt. I don’t care. You let that boy have his lung. You let him breathe.† (Rabe, 55-56). This training is specific to saving the life of and relying on your fellow soldiers. Sergeant Tower is determined that all recruits under his care learn the valuable lessons of how to survive. Again, Sergeant Tower gives sage advice on survival when he teaches the soldiers how to kill in hand-to-hand combat when he states, â€Å"This here real life, Gen’lmen. You actin’ like there ain’t never been a war in this world. Don’t you know what I’m sayin’? You got to want to put this steel into a man. You got to want to cut him, hurt him, make him die. (Rabe 38). This lesson in survival describes brutal killing in a kill or be killed scenario. The dominant technique that Rabe has Sergeant Tower express multiple times throughout the story is the ability

The Effects Of Divorce On Teens And Adolescence - 946 Words

The Effects of Divorce on Teens and Adolescence. Every year, thousands of American children suffer through their parent’s divorce. Divorce hurts everyone involved, but most of the damage falls to the children to bear and can even put their lives at risk. Even though divorce has been shown to help some individuals in a miniscule amount of individual cases, over the large scale of available cases it causes a decrease in the individuals’ quality of life. The changes and effects can scale anywhere from their being to effects to the effects being completely obvious to see. They can develop problems academically, socially and psychologically. The effects of divorce transpire not only between the former spouses but also to their children. According to Gary Sandefur, the chances of children whose parents went through a divorce that got a high school diploma dropped by 20.7 percentage points. But, the chances that the student would get a GED increased by 1.7 percentage points. Sandefur explain that the graduation itself was not exclusively affected, but also that the grades and performance of those children also significantly dropped in many areas including, but not limited to, math and English. The effects of which also carried over into the acceptance into a college or university. Divorce also affects children socially. The effects can manifest in any number and manner of ways. For example, due to the lack of a second parental figure the maturity of the child is slowed or evenShow MoreRelatedFactors that Leads Teens to Commit Suicide741 Words   |  3 Pagesare quite different than those faced by teens from previous generations. One distinct, modern influence of teenage suicide is social media. Naturally, most teenagers today own or have access to a smart phone, computer, or other device that can be used to connect to the internet and view a countless number of social websites. Social media can be entertaining and a fun, fast way to connect with friends and family, but it also has its disadvantages. Many teens today know someone or have been a victimRead MoreAdolescent Depression in the U.S. Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesadolescent depression in the U.S. are stress, the need to fit in, and family problems. Dr. Richard Brown said, â€Å"the reason depression in teenagers is often overlooked because they are not always able to express how they feel†(Marron 1). Since adolescence is a time of rebellion and experimentation, depression is often â€Å"masked† by teenagers. The challenge is to identify depressive symptoms that may be hidden by the backdrop of the â€Å"storm† of temporary, but expected development (Blackman 103). BecauseRead MoreThe Virtual Teen Program : A Very Difficult Task985 Words   |  4 PagesParenting is a very difficult task and there is no one best way to parent every child. The virtual teen program simulates a shortened childhood and adolescents for a virtual child that the participant has to parent. I raised my virtual child until he turned 18 years old and began college. He had a few issues growing up, including a learning disability in reading and a divorce between his parents. As well as negatives, there were some positives: he was gift ed in both math and science and receivedRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Adolescent Development Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pagesof marriage by court called divorce. According to Pickhard (2009) many statistics suggest around 50% of first marriages divorce. Divorce can have tremendous impacting effects on those experiencing it. Not only does divorce effect parents, but it furthermore impacts adolescents as well. Adolescents may sometimes have a hard time dealing with the separation of their parents as they are going through crucial life changes as well. It is a key concern of the influence divorce has on adolescent’s developmentRead MoreThe Growing Epidemic Of Divorce Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe growing epidemic of divorce in the United States could say that love is dead. Couples are now divorcing as fast as they marry! Even couples who have been married for decades are separating. The effects of divorce can be good for a couple or it can be heart wrenching. But more than often, it is the children who are involved in divorce suffering more than the common eye can see. Not only does ugly divorces put extreme stress on child, broken families and family members with addiction, disabilitiesRead MoreThe Problem Of Teen Suicide976 Words   |  4 PagesTeen suicide is one of the leading causes of death among teens and a significant problem in the United States. Consequently, suicide is a tragedy not only for that person, but also for their family and friends that are left behind (Bell). Many teens of all races are affected by this intentional, self-inflicted death. Even though the causes of suicide can be hard to isolate, the signs can be linked to depression, drug abuse, emotional neglect of their parents, bullying, parents divorcing, sexualRead MoreMarriage is a Committment to Your Spouse740 Words   |  3 Pagescouple together, the husband and the wife vow to each other till death do us part† (Kostenberger 5). This view of marriage has changed over the years- husband’s and wife’s roles, the reasons for marriage, and the amount of marriages and divorces. Today, marriage is often viewed as something that is part of a societys expected behaviors and beliefs. That it can be entered into and walked out of by the wedded partners at any time that they desire. So long as a given marriage relationshipRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nature Versus Nurture1678 Words   |  7 Pagesit is the nurture part that determines how relationships are handled. Whether the relationship is healthy or unhealthy and how the relationship will be in the future. Some scientists agree the relative influences of genotypic and environmental effects vary among people and is controlled largely by environment. The Unconscious Sigmund Freud is the father of the unconscious, he theorized the Id, Ego and Superego. He was far more brilliant than many of the post-Freudian psychologists. The unconsciousRead MoreDivorce Argumentative Essay1328 Words   |  6 PagesDivorce is the legal end of marriage. It is saying despite what we have gone through and overcome I am choosing to give up. Not just on my marriage, but also my partner. Divorce not only rips and divides the assets, but it also splits and rips apart the whole family. It is a horrible process for anyone to go through. It can be amicable for some, but for a majority of others, it brings devastation. It is a mourning process from a loss. It is the loss of that relationship that makes it difficult. SomeRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol And Tobacco On The Age Of Addiction981 Words   |  4 Pagesfound that abuse at any age can influence an individual s choice to turn to drugs or alcohol. Middle age and elderly deal with life changes such as divorce, loss o r jobs, and loss of loved ones. Addiction is not simply a weakness. People from all backgrounds, rich or poor, can get an addiction. Experimentation with alcohol and drugs during adolescence is common. Unfortunately, teenagers often don t see the link between their actions today and the consequences tomorrow. They also have a tendency

Capitalism And The Free Market - 1501 Words

Capitalism is an economic system that dominates the world, some claim it is the key to a better world, taking the poor out of poverty and building an closer world, while other believe it is an exploitative system that oppresses billionS of people. Capitalism and the free market began to take from around the industrial revolution and came as a result of philosopher and economist Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Adam Smith’s book the wealth of nations was the template for many modern western nations. The free market is Adam Smith’s brainchild; the revolutionary theory was based on the antithesis of the mercantile system that was in place in its prominence during the 16 - 18th centuries. The convention was for nations building their wealth overseas through a complicated system of protectionism. Mercantilism adhered to a zero sum game ideology and was centred around the belief the nation’s wealth was based on its holding of precious metals or resources and its duty to protect their interests, which meant the government needed to implement restrictions and regulations on trade with other states. In order to protect their economy and in what they feel would increase their wealth, policies like tariffs on foreign goods, duties, bounties, etc. Smith argued against the mercantilist framework from a number of positions; trade restrictions and regulations interfered with natural prices, reduced the specialisation within industries, reduced the country consumption and had an ineffectiveShow MoreRelatedFree Market Capitalism in The United States1293 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION The US has been leading the world economy with its model of free-market capitalism for last three decades. We have been told that, if left alone, markets will produce the most efficient and effective outcome. Because individuals know what the best way is and they are the ones who will be rewarded according to their productivity. Therefore, maximized freedom and minimized state intervention have been regarded as the most beautiful contribution to economic development. However, not allRead MoreUnderstanding Creative Capitalism And The Free Market2100 Words   |  9 PagesModule 5 Understanding Creative Capitalism According to http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Free-market+capitalism, free market capitalism is a system of economics that minimizes government intervention and maximizes the role of the market. According to the theory of the free market, rational economic actors acting in their own self-interest deal with information and price goods and services the most efficiently. Government regulations, trade barriers, and labor laws areRead MoreFree Market Economy: Capitalism and Freedom by Milton Friedman948 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Æ' What is a free market really? By definition a â€Å"Free market† is a summary term for an array of exchanges that take place in society† (Econlib). However there is more to it than that, in fact there is much to be learned and understood from a free market. A free market is a place (physical or not) where a person(s) in a community are able to go and exchange goods based on supply and demand. A truly free market has no barriers to entrance or to exit, and many goods and services. In any case peopleRead MoreThe Morality Of Slave Labor Versus Free Market Capitalism1095 Words   |  5 Pagescentury there was a fight about the morals of slave labor versus free market capitalism. Abolitionists tended to support capitalism, or even socialism, and would argue that slave labor is immoral. Supporters of slavery would argue that Christianity allowed for slave labor, and it also created a more equal society; one much closer to the socialist dream than European philosophers could h ope for. The image of â€Å"Lowell Offering† depicts free market labor in which the worker is paid for the fruits of their laborRead MoreAdam Smith s Theory Of Capitalism And Free Market2445 Words   |  10 PagesMany different economists framed economic thought today. Adam Smith opened up the world of capitalism and free market. These are both systems that truly affect a majority if not all countries in the world in some way. Karl Marx is a man who had a completely different approach to government, he believed in something called Marxism, which was an idealistic approach that meant for all people to work equally for the betterment of the nation. Keynes had a different approach, he believed in governmentRead MoreMilton Friedman s Advocacy Of Free Market Capitalism2263 Words   |  10 Pagesof Free Market Capitalism Team Members: Donaldson, Michael Karambelkar, Tanvi Kote, Anand Mantrawadi, Sushant Sawant, Preeti Shinde, Nikhil â€Æ' Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Historical Information on Milton Friedman 4 Impact of Cultural Impact with US Based Companies 6 References 8 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 â€Æ' Executive Summary This article is about a teacher and writer turned economist Milton Friedman. He advocated free market capitalism as partRead More Free Market Capitalism vs. Egalitarian Communalism Essay1843 Words   |  8 PagesIntended as a proprietor of interests of its citizens, American capitalism has been chosen by the Founding Fathers as their concept of the supreme governing force to establishing a productive, intellectually encouraging society for each individual citizen. Many supporters of capitalism look to it as the only way the interests of citizens can be adequately taken into account, allowing each to accrue unrestricted amounts of private property, while still maintaining a relatively large central governmentRead MoreThe Implication Of Free Markets On Global Business1519 Words   |  7 Pagesimplication of free markets on global business Introduction Capitalism, socialism, and communism are the main three economic systems. â€Å"Capitalism is an economic system also known as the private enterprise or free market system based on private ownership, economic freedom, and fair competition† (Kelly and Williams pp. 26) Capitalism can be referred to as free markets where there is no government intervention or strict regulations. The principle of capitalism is that â€Å"people and business must free to buyRead MoreComparative Critique Of Comparative Capitalism1214 Words   |  5 PagesCOMPARATIVE CAPITALISM Case Study #4: Comparative Capitalism Florence F. Messi St Thomas University Miami Gardens, Florida Abstract The Merriam-Wester dictionary defines capitalism as an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market. (2015). However for an ideal capitalism to fully operateRead MoreCapitalism And The Economic Growth Under Capitalism1233 Words   |  5 Pagesseen that capitalism does work efficiently and surprisingly well, even though it is often wrongly accused and criticized for others shortcomings. Capitalism, otherwise known as a ‘free market economy, is an economic and political system in which a country s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Werner Sombart first used the term capitalism in the early twentieth century, but the concept of it existed much earlier. Modern capitalism began developing

Acars Via Iridium Free Essays

ACARS via Iridium Iridium is a large satellite constellation that consists of 66 low-earth orbiting (LEO), cross-linked satellites operating as a fully meshed network providing truly global coverage (including oceans, airways and polar regions). Iridium satellites are in a near-polar orbit at an altitude of 485 miles. The network is composed of 66 active satellites that fly in six orbital planes, each with 11 satellites per plane. We will write a custom essay sample on Acars Via Iridium or any similar topic only for you Order Now Satellites circle the earth once every 100 minutes. ACARS is an Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System otherwise known as Digital DataLink System. ACARS was first developed in the 1970’s. It is a point-to-point service that either sends air-to-ground messages or receives ground-to-air messages from the cockpit. ACARS via Iridium now gives Flight Departments the capability to communicate with the aircraft in their fleet all over the globe. ACARS is now a viable option via Iridium. Until now ACARS was only available by 2 different mediums. ACARS via Very High Frequency (VHF) communication is only available through line of site. ACARS via Inmarsat (Satcom) is only available over the populated continents and does not provide communications over polar routes. The cost of Iridium service is far less than that of Satcom and is available over oceans whereas VHF is not. This allows aircraft to access various services provided by ACARS Service Providers. Aircraft can now send a number of automatic reports (OOOI, engine oil pressure, position reports, fuel, and etc) using ACARS via Iridium. Pilots can request relevant information pertaining to flight safety and receive necessary in-flight updates. Some of the data services include: Text-based and Graphical Weather, Flight Planning and Clearances, Text Messaging, Position Reporting, Automatic Terminal Information Services (ATIS), Terminal Weather Information for Pilots (TWIP), and OOOI messages (Out of the gate, Off the ground, On the ground, and Into the gate). New flight safety services such as Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) and Future Air Navigation System messaging (FANS) are currently undergoing live tests to help improve flight times and routes for Air Transportation. Typical ACARS messages are only 100 to 200 characters in length. Such messages are made up of a one-block transmission from (or to) the aircraft, constrained to be no more than 220 characters within the body of the message. Iridium’s Short Burst Data Service (SBD) has the network transport capability to transmit short data messages between field equipment and a centralized host computing system. ACARS blocks are 238 bytes maximum; segmenting and distributing them across multiple SBD messages is not necessary. Each ACARS block is encapsulated in a unique SBD message. ACARS requires ARINC-429 Interface, compliant with ARINC 741 characteristics for satellite communication systems. Standardized nature of the ARINC 429 digital data bus allows Satcom Data Unit (SDU) to interface with wide variety of ACARS capable hardware. Air-to-ground messages are originated from the Control Display Unit (CDU), which is located in the cockpit of the aircraft. The pilot will initiate his request through the CDU, where the Data Management Unit (DMU) will pass the ACARS requested message onto the Iridium Satcom Data Unit (SDU). The SDU encapsulates each ACARS block into an SBD message and sends the SBD message to the Iridium gateway. The SBD messages are received by the Iridium gateway, converted back into ACARS blocks, then passed on to the chosen DataLink Service Provider (DSP) through the service provider gateway. Conversely, ground-to-air messages from the data provider are passed through the service provider gateway as ACARS message blocks. Once received by the Iridium gateway, they are encapsulated as SBD messages and delivered to the aircraft. Once the SDU has received an uplink SBD message, it removes SBD-specific information and passes the remaining data to the DMU as an ACARS message block via the ARINC 429 data bus. The DMU then interprets and displays the ACARS data via the CDU. ARINC (Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated) and SITA (Society of International Telecommunications Aeronautics) are the two DSPs available to the airlines. ACARS messaging allows the airlines to identify abnormal flight conditions and automatically send real-time messages to an airline, thereby enabling airlines to improve their aircraft performance. How to cite Acars Via Iridium, Papers

Economics of Cannibalization Research Industrial

Question: Discuss about the Economics of Cannibalization Research Industrial. Answer: Introduction This study has highlighted the concept of market power of Woolworths and Coles in the market of Australia. In this connection, it can be stated that Coles and Woolworths are the two largest supermarket chains of Australia. In Economics, market power is the capacity of a firm to increase the market price of the products. As per the statement of Carf and Perrone (2013), it can be mentioned that the market participants have the market power and they are treated as the price makers. This study has highlighted the market power of Coles and Woolworths. Therefore, this study is helpful to increase the balance between the seller power as well as the buyer power. The policies of Australian government would be benefitted to provide incentives to the local farmers and suppliers in case of the competitive market structure. On the other hand, this study is also very important to understand the competition between Woolworths and Coles in the market of Australia. This competition reflects to understand which organisation is good for the Australians. This is also helpful to identify the effect of the performance of the organisation in the future. Market power of Coles and Woolworths As per the statement of Choudhary and Zhang (2016), it can be mentioned that Australian super markets have been increasing in the growth of the agricultural sector. The growth in the market share of Coles and Woolsworth have highlighted a challenging environment for the other Australian suppliers and producers. Therefore, it can be mentioned that economic health of Australia is decided by the power of Woolworths and Coles. They are performing in the market structure like duopoly. These twp major organisations eliminated the other competitors from the market. This would in turn create the market power diversities. The major challenge can be discussed as the appropriate level of protection exists to consider the activities of the small and the medium sized agribusinrss. This would in turn promote a strong competition within the agricultural market of Australia. In the points of Kitamura and Shinkai (2013), it can be mentioned that Australias largest trading union, Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA) has identified that duopoly market structure would be improved by increasing their shares within the market place and also with the hekp of the activities of SDA. The food market in Australia: In the words of Kitamura and Shinkai (2013), the supermarket industry of Australia is controlled by a group of retailers such as Woolworths and Coles. Both of the organsations have been experiencing a strong growth since four decades. In this context, it can be stated that Woolworths and Coles controlled approximately 70 percent of Australias super market. In addition, these two retailing organisations can determine the prices and can affect the entry barriers. Therefore, ut can be assumed that this would in turn make a reflection on the remaining food chain of the country. Most of the local farmers are found in the vulnerable position and this decision is made by Coles and Woolworths. According to Kitamura and Shinkai (2014), it can be mentioned that Coles has occupied approximately 33.5% market share and Woolworths has occupied 39.6% in the market of Australia. Market power can influence the terms of trade of the country. As the retailers can improve the overall market share, they can consolidate the position within the food supply chain of Australia. This would in turn increase the production and the distribution. Kopel, Ressi and Lambertini (2016) identified that the performance of Coles and Woolsworth have been increasing day by day. As a result, it can be mentioned that the economic wealth of Australia has increased. In addition, it can be added that the number of employment has also increased due to the increase in the productivity of these two companie. In this purpose, Matsumura and Ogawa (2012) mentioned that near about 300000 Australians got the opportunities to be employed. On the other hand, the performance of Woolworths and Coles have reflected the performance of the other smaller retailers performance. Moreover, both these organisations can meet the customer preferences in the reduction of prices. In this connection, it can be mentioned that the consumers could receive the products from the organisations at comparatively lower cost. According to Matsumura and Tomaru (2015), it can be stated that Woolworths and Coles have reduced the price of their products by 11 percent and 6 percent respectively. Therefore, it can be mentioned that discounting strategies can improve the range of the food options as it is available to the consumers comparatively at lower prices. Therefore, in a synopsis, it can be inferred that both Coles and Woolworths have enhanced their market share not only by providing better service or by reduction of cost of the products but also these organisations have capacity to increase the cost structure of the competitors. This situation is also boost up by the members of SDA (Woolworths Online. 2016). On the contrary, Ohori (2014) argued that the market power of Coles and Woolworths affect the domestic suppliers of the country. In this context, the shrinking market share of Australians of the independent producers leaves the major suppliers along with the little choices, however, it would be negotiated with the duopoly market of Australia. Therefore, it can be inferred that this market environment can assures that the performance of these organisations can influence the pricenegotiation as well as the standardisation demands. It can be mentioned that Woolworths and Coles have been belonging from the duopoly market structure (Sakai 2016). This would adversely affect the anticompetitive behaviour by these two super market giants. Therefore, the smaller retailers are negatively influenced. Competition between Coles and Woolworths Competition between the retailers: It is known that Woolworths and Coles are identified as the huge and diversified organisations. Woolworths has the specialisation in the production of the retail business of hardware, electronics, groceries, liquor and hospitality. Moreover, it can be mentioned that the organisation is also specialised in the business of coal mining, industrial safety, chemical and the fertiliser operations. The grocery operations of Woolworths and Coles have increased the valuation of the business. This would be led by the price wars among the competitors. This would be helpful to understand the pricing structure of the competitors. In this respect, Tanaka and Satoh (2016) opined that if one competitor would plan to reduce the price of the products, then the other competitor also planned to reduce the price. Therefore, it can be stated that the consumers would be benefitted and they could enjoy the advantage of lower prices. The diversification between the performance of these two organisations into the Australian retailing sectors assures that they are shielded compared to the other independent grocers. This would prevent the smoother performance of the organisations in the Australias grocery sector. After making the price wars, Tanaka (2016) criticised that both the organisations would be able to increase the grocery prices to maintain the shortcomings in the other sectors. In addition, it can be mentioned that the business of Coles ans Woolworths have been performing across both in the metropolitan and the regional sectors of the country. The exploration of this duopoly business drive the other smaller businesses and other retailers of the country. This situation is mainly observed in the rural areas. Therefore, it can be stated that these retailers would not be able to compete with the major supermarkets. As a result, absence of the market competition reduces the performance of these smaller organisations. Wang and Ma (2013) opined that the employment and the income of the smaller organisations would be hampered. In the comparison with the performance of Woolworths and Coles, it can be mentioned that Woolworths had entered into the business of petrol and the convenience store in the year of 1996 and Coles had started th same business in the next year. This proves that there is a strong competition between these two retailing organisations. After that, in the year of 2007, bot the organisations have started their business in the hardware business. In this year, Coles has started bunning chain whereas Woolworths has started its business in hardware brand along with the home timber and haedware chain (Wang and Zeng 2014). The restricted number of the retailers has enhanced the dependency between the producers in the supermarkets in order to make a communication between the consumers. This will deprive the farmers and the other retailers and will have the power to negotiate their organisationa terms. In order to identify the comparison between the performance of Woolworths and Coles, it can be mentioned that Woolworth has expanded its business in the manufacturing of home appliances business across Australia. On the other hand, the rival of Woolworth, Coles has experienced $40 billion home improvement market. On the other hand, it can be noticed that in the year of 2011, Woolworths has launched its own brand, Masters along with the partnership with America, the organisation has earned $3 billion. In this respect, ABC news has identified that Masters has made several mistakes. Therefore, the profitability has decreased compared to Coles. According to Matsumura and Ogawa (2012), Woolworth has made poor business strategy. In this connection, it can be stated that as Coles has made a partnership with Bunnings in their business performance, Woolwoths was distracted from the supermarket in case of the home improvements. Woolworths has been chosen wrong location for expansion of the business, while Bunning has chosen the appropriate position. In the other hand, Kopel, Ressi and Lambertini (2016) mentioned that Woolworths has expanded its business in America, which was out of season. Moreover, it can be stated that the workplace of Woolworth has rigid working environment compared to Bunnings. As a result, it can be mentioned that Woolwoths has scored only 5.7 out of 10, whereas Coles is at higher position than Woolworths. Coles has scored 7.1 out of 10. This clearly signifies that the consumers are highly satisfied with the service of Coles compared to Woolworths. This score has measured by the estimation of USB. Moreover, Choudhary and Zhang (2016) opined that the working environment of Coles is better compared to Woolworths, which is identified by the employees of both the organisations. In thos connection, it can be identified that Coles is at 0.7 percent better position compared to Woolworths. The morale of Woolworths is comparatively lower than Coles. On the contrary, in the year of 2008 and 2009, Woolworths had continued to improve its performance, but Coles tried to manage the gap and started to improve the service and organisational performance. Apart from this, it can be mentioned that in case of the loquor business, Coles has been started to get the real traction in the liquor business compared to Woolworths. Therefore, it can be mentioned that Coles make a good performance in the food and liquor business for a long time. On the contrary, Kitamura and Shinkai (2014) argued that Coles sales performance is not so appreciable in groceries and alcohol business compared to the Woolworths. However, the other businesses of Wesfarmers such as the performance of Bunnings and Kmart compared to Coles, are comparatively better. In addition, it can be stated that Goyder has identified that Kmart has met its organisational target along with the sales growth, whereas Coles is at back position (Woolworths Online. 2016). Conclusion This study has highlighted the organisational performance of Coles and Woolworths within the Australian supermarket. After analysing the study, it can be noticed that these two organisations have occupied a larger share in the market. In this connection, this study has highlighted the organisational performance of Coles and Woolworths. Moreover, the performance of these two organisations how affect the smaller retailers of the market fas also mentioned. The pricing structure of the Australian market has also described. On the other hand, this study has demonstrated the competition between these two organisations. In this respect, it can be observed that Coless performance is better compared to Woolworths. References Carf, D. and Perrone, E., 2013. Asymmetric Cournot duopoly: A game complete analysis.Journal of Reviews on Global Economics,2, p.194. Choudhary, V. and Zhang, R., 2016. The Economics of Pricing Add-on Products under Duopoly Competition. Kitamura, R. and Shinkai, T., 2013, September. lThe Economics of Cannibalization: A Duopoly in which Firms Supply Two Vertically Differentiated Products, mpresented paper in the EARIE 2013. InAnnual Conference of European Association for Research Industrial Economics, Evora, Portugal August(Vol. 30, pp. 1-22). Kitamura, R. and Shinkai, T., 2013.The economics of cannibalization: A duopoly in which firms supply two vertically differentiated products(No. 100). Kitamura, R. and Shinkai, T., 2014.Cannibalization may allow a cost-inefficient firm to earn more than a cost-efficient firm in a duopoly with two vertically differentiated goods(No. 113). Kopel, M., Ressi, A. and Lambertini, L., 2016. Capturing Direct and Cross Price Effects in a Differentiated Products Duopoly Model.The Manchester School. Matsumura, T. and Ogawa, A., 2012. Price versus quantity in a mixed duopoly.Economics Letters,116(2), pp.174-177. Matsumura, T. and Tomaru, Y., 2015. Mixed duopoly, location choice, and shadow cost of public funds.Southern Economic Journal,82(2), pp.416-429. Ohori, S., 2014. Price and Quantity Competition in a Mixed Duopoly with Emission Tax.Theoretical Economics Letters,4(02), p.133. Sakai, Y., 2016.Information Exchanges among Firms and Their Welfare Implications: Alternative Duopoly Models with Different Types of Risks(No. 17). Tanaka, Y. and Satoh, A., 2016. Maximin and minimax strategies in asymmetric duopoly: Cournot and Bertrand. Tanaka, Y., 2016. License or entry with vertical differentiation in duopoly.Economics and Business Letters,5(1). Wang, H. and Ma, J., 2013. Complexity analysis of a Cournot-Bertrand duopoly game model with limited information.Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society,2013. Wang, X.H. and Zeng, C., 2014.A Note on Endogenous Heterogeneity in a Duopoly(No. 2015-02). School of Economics, Shandong University. Woolworths Online. (2016).Woolworths Supermarket - Buy Groceries Online. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworths.com.au/ [Accessed 31 Dec. 2016].

Literature Review The Work Environment

Question: Discuss about theLiterature Reviewfor the Work Environment. Answer: Introduction In new trend is taking shape in the business world as innovation spaces are already changing the landscape. In the last ten years, the world has experienced a considerable growth in co-working spaces, innovation centres, incubators, research institutes, and start up spaces (Wagner Watch 2017). However, people have missed the innovation spaces that are manifested in physical aspects because of the broader cultural, economic, and demographic forces. The ambition to remain the market leader has pushed many leading corporations to adopt a creative experimentation in designing their working environment. Companies are measuring whether designing their workspaces is helping or hurting their performance. Based on the published work of Weber, Magnolfi, and Lindsay (2016), workspaces could be offering a new competitive edge to the businesses. Every company is in a hurry to redesign its workspaces such as Telenor, Google, and Samsung are among the companies that have redesigned their working e nvironment to create the best working atmosphere that can maximize productivity. This mini-literature review confirms the level of attraction that this topic has received from architecture and other companies worldwide. Brief Summary In this article, Weber et al. (2016) have acknowledged the significance of the new workspaces that encourages collaboration by increasing personal interaction through innovation. These scholars have identified the major companies that are leading the park in redesigning their workspaces in hope of improving employee performance. According to these scholars, the companies would never achieve their goals by compelling works to sit behind the monitors. The new designs enhance collaboration and innovation. However, the core question is whether the executives can prove that the new designs work. For example, Google is establishing a new campus to maximize performance, Facebook building a single mile-long room for is employees, while Samsung is introducing new workspaces just to motivate employees. Despite all these efforts, nobody is sure of the effectiveness of these initiatives. The new deigns embraced by some companies like Facebook is a threat to employees privacy, the power of proxim ity, and the significance of virtual working environment. It has thus raised the issues of Density, proximity, and social nature relating to the working environment. Working Environment The Digital Offices The world is becoming digital and companies are already taking the initiative to adapt to these changes. Reeve (2016) has identified that the new dispensation has compelled companies to compete on the perspective of innovation and creativity. Since employees are the most important internal clients of an organization, it is important to consider their needs and expectations. For example, allowing them to work from home or outside the offices would justify their ability to work independently. Ferrazzi (2014) maintains that virtual teams have ensured the workers operate in a flexible working environment. The employees can use the opportunity to manage their lives and work flexibly. However, getting virtual teams has proved a nightmare in the society because most people value face-to-face interaction as important. Nonetheless, the new technology promotes collaboration as dispersed teams have outperformed that those working in offices. According to Fayard and Weeks (2011), the use of virt ual teams has improved organizations performance and employee productivity by about 43 percent. The main problem revolves around creating a virtual team because the managers must consider various factors. However, research has indicted that experience can help managers to navigate collaborative environment and overcome challenges by putting together the right team, technology, touch points and leadership (Botsman Rogers 2011). It involves following the simple high-return rules that maximize productivity. Reeve (2016) believes that virtual teams are perfect and would always meet deadlines. Virtual Proximity The virtual environment ensures the employees are physically separated. It bars the employees from enjoying the nonworking activities such as accessing the restrooms because it separates them. Research has indicated that the virtual working environment in the new workspaces can thrive in an environment that promotes awareness, voluntary engagement, and the rules or occasions for engagement. Fayard and Weeks (2011) held that physical workspaces have incessantly stimulated interactions thus promoting awareness among them. It also creates a sense of teamwork. To this effect, Reeve (2016) believes that a virtual environment should also convey or embrace similar situation where workers experience a sense of interaction and awareness. This involves the use of various software applications such as instant messaging, Twitter, Facebook, and Skype. The modern managers have never underestimated the significance of these factors and have allowed employees to use smartphones and desktops or other mobile devices to complete their tasks. Some team leaders have requested their members to customize Skype mood messaging or IM status thus discourage informal interactions. Promoting knowledge management system is essential because it reduces time wastage. In fact, it provides the environment where discussion forums and virtual teams can operate. Conversely, the new technology has created a chicken-and-egg problem because promoting an online social environment is impossible without a core group (Cappelli Keller 2013). It has created a sense of proximity that has further proved for many virtual team members. For instance, in educational programs, lecturers have used various technologies such as interactive whiteboards and video links to reach out to their students. Nonetheless, the managers must ensure they protect virtual privacy (Lange 2011). For instance, when employees understand that their bosses are monitoring them through electronic exchanges, they would be reluctant to engage in the virtual conversation. Coworking The knowledge economy has provided opportunity for workers to interpret data online. The new workspaces have given a cold bath to the physical spaces by promoting online networking among the employees (Reed 2007). Without a doubt, a collaborative production is always the best approach to maximize the opportunities available in the environment. Therefore, embracing a network-based processes prove significant to sustainable production as explained by Moriset (2014). The social media has promoted corporation and networking among the workers. In fact, the companies can organize audio conferencing to manage the workers beyond the proximity (Musterd Murie 2011). This new development is evident in freelancing where workers complete tasks online and adhere to the laid down rules of the game (Florida 2002). Therefore, creativity and collaboration have ensured the employees maximize their performance thus triggering economic growth as determined by Pratt (2008). Grugulis and Stoyanova (2012) highlighted the significance of the technology in the promoting urban economies. Productivity The new workspace design is increasing the performance of employees. According to Giang (2014), workers must avoid sitting pretty in offices to maximize their performance. Waber, Magnolfi, and Lindsay (2014) have affirmed that the new path that involves unique workspaces, designing agile environment provide solutions to the problems they experience. The new design promotes creativity, collaboration, and productivity. The modern office must maximize the impact of technology and sustainability. To Giang (2014), the infrastructural solution maximizes human performance, potential, and productivity. But what could productivity mean for the organization? The productivity of employees is beyond sitting at the desk but focuses on solving problems and creating ideas collaboratively. The businesses should also design spaces that nobody has to sit in a designed spot. In fact, the social hub has connected co-workers thus promoting working environments. According to Giang (2014), an agile design ensures the employee feel comfortable and can balance work and life. An agile working environment also increases the movement of employees based on choice and the assignment. This implies that people or workers have the choice, power and more control. However, the issues emerging from such an agile working environment agreement as the worker should work on strategies to control destructions (Giang 2014). Studies have also shown that sitting for so long is harmful to ones health. To this effect, an individual should be concerned about the employees health as explained by Johns and Gratton (2013). Therefore, the solution would be based on adjusting the desk that has been proved to be healthier thus make people feel alert (Guang 2014). Conclusion The increasing customer base and global workforce has made the employees to consider working beyond their office spaces. This has made the working environment complex thus increasing the aspects of collaboration and teamwork. The new workspace designs seem to promote productivity and performance. In this era of innovation, the physical offices are becoming scarce and companies have to respond. In fact, the physical office spaces increase the operating costs that many companies are turning to virtual working environment to maximize their performance. With the technology and internet, managers are opting for digital working spaces to remain relevant and minimize costs. The large conglomerates are taking the leads, but managing virtual teams proves difficult. Bibliography Botsman, R. Rogers, R. 2011, Whats mine is yours: how collaborative consumption is changing the way we live. Collins, New York. Cappelli, P. Keller, J.R. 2013, Classifying work in the new economy, The Academy of Management Review, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1-22. Fayard, A-L. Weeks, J. (2011) Who moved my cube, Harvard Business Review, July/August. (Available at https://hbr.org/2011/07/who-moved-my-cube) Ferrazzi, K. (2014) Getting virtual teams right, Harvard Business Review, Dec. (available at https://hbr.org/2014/12/getting-virtual-teams-right) Florida, R. (2002) The rise of the creative class. 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